Exam (elaborations)
XII Phy New Chap-10 Wave Optics (63 A&R Items).
XII Phy New Chap-10 Wave Optics (63 A&R Items).
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Spread the Happiness. Assertion and Reason Statements Feedback: 9008271516XI_Phy_New_Chap-10 _ WAVE OPTICS
S# Correct Assertion Correct Reason
10.1 INTRODUCTION
Wave theory proposes light propagates as waves, These theories offer fundamentally different explanations
1 contrasting the corpuscular theory (light as for the nature of light.
particles).
Wave theory's prediction on refraction differed The wave theory predicted a bend towards the medium with
2 from the corpuscular theory's prediction. lower speed, unlike the corpuscular theory's prediction for
a bend towards higher speed.
The wave theory's acceptance was delayed due Light traveling through a vacuum challenged the prevailing
3 to Isaac Newton's influence and the belief that notion of waves needing a medium.
waves required a medium for propagation.
Thomas Young's interference experiment in 1801 The experiment's demonstration of light wave interference
4 provided strong evidence for the wave nature of solidified the wave theory, as interference is a
light. characteristic property of waves.
Maxwell's electromagnetic theory marked the Maxwell's theory explained light as electromagnetic waves,
5 triumph of the wave theory. resolving the paradox of wave propagation in a vacuum.
10.2 HUYGENS PRINCIPLE
A wavefront is a surface of constant phase in a All points on the wavefront vibrate together because
6
wave. they're the same distance from the source.
A spherical wave emanates from a point source Points with the same amplitude and phase form concentric
7
in all directions. spheres.
A plane wave is an approximation of a small Due to the vast distance, a small section of the sphere
8
portion of a spherical wave at a large distance. appears flat.
Huygens' principle predicts the future shape of a Each point on the wavefront acts as a source of secondary
9 wavefront based on its current shape. wavelets, their envelope becoming the new wavefront.
Huygens' principle utilizes secondary wavelets to Secondary wavelets spreading outward from every point on
10
predict wave propagation. the wavefront collectively form the new wavefront.
Huygens' principle predicts a forward wavefront This initial assumption requires justification from a more
11
but not a backward wavefront. rigorous wave theory.
10.3 REFRACTION AND REFLECTION OF PLANE WAVES USING HUYGENS PRINCIPLE
Huygens' Principle: Each wavefront point acts as Envelope of these wavelets determines the wave's
12 a secondary source, shaping the future propagation direction.
wavefront.
Huygens' principle applied to refraction predicts Analyzing wavefronts and formed triangles reveals the
13
Snell's Law. connection between angles of incidence and refraction.
Refraction bends wavefronts due to varying wave Secondary wavelets propagate at different speeds, altering
14 speeds in different media. the overall wavefront as light changes mediums (v1 ≠ v2).
Explains wavefront behavior, not necessarily This wave theory succeeds in refraction and reflection but
15 light particles. doesn't inherently address phenomena like the
photoelectric effect.
Light frequency stays constant during refraction. Frequency (n = v/l) depends on both wave speed (v) and
16
wavelength (l), which can change independently.
Critical angle: Beyond it, refraction ceases, Light exceeding the critical angle attempting refraction into
17
leading to total internal reflection. a rarer medium undergoes total internal reflection.
Huygens' principle applied to reflection A reflected wavefront is formed due to secondary wavelets
demonstrates congruent triangles. with equal travel distances from the reflecting surface,
18
resulting in equal angles of incidence and reflection.
Refraction bends wavefronts towards the normal Compared to rarer media (v2 > v1) where wavefronts bend
19 in denser media (v2 < v1). away, denser mediums cause a shift towards the normal.
Huygens' principle assumes spherical secondary This is an idealization; the actual shape might deviate
20 wavelets for all points on the wavefront. slightly near the edges of the wavefront.
10.4 COHERENT AND INCOHERENT ADDITION OF WAVES
Coherent sources vibrate in phase with constant Ensures consistent relative displacement of waves over
21
phase difference. time (predictable interference patterns).
Constructive interference: Intensity maxima at In-phase arrival reinforces wave displacements,
22
path difference multiples of wavelength (nl). maximizing intensity (4I ).
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