Exam (elaborations)
XII Zoo New chap 07 Human Health & Disease 233 AR Items
XII Zoo New chap 07 Human Health & Disease 233 AR Items
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Spread the Happiness. Assertion and Reason Statements Feedback: 9008271516XII_ZOO_NEW_CHAPTER-07: HUMAN HEALTH & DISEASE _ A&R TEST ITEMS
# Correct Assertion Correct Reason
Introduction
Health was defined as the balance of "humors" in This concept originated from reflective thought rather than
1
early Greek and Ayurvedic medicine. scientific evidence.
The discovery of blood circulation and body Experimental methods provided a more accurate understanding
2 temperature measurement challenged the "humor" of health principles.
theory.
The mind influences the immune system through the Biology demonstrates the interconnectedness of mental and
3 nervous and endocrine systems, impacting health. physical well-being in maintaining health.
Health is influenced by genetics, infections, and These factors interact dynamically, contributing to the status of
4
lifestyle choices, shaping overall well-being. one's health.
Health is defined as a state of complete physical, It goes beyond mere absence of disease, encompassing holistic
5
mental, and social well-being. physical and mental well-being.
Good health leads to increased productivity, Healthy individuals contribute more effectively to societal
6 economic prosperity, and longevity, benefiting progress and well-being.
society.
Practices such as a balanced diet, hygiene, exercise, These activities actively promote physical and mental well-
7
and yoga contribute to maintaining good health. being, ensuring a holistic health approach.
Disease prevention strategies, including awareness, Proactive measures significantly reduce the transmission and
8 vaccination, waste disposal, and hygiene practices, risk of various diseases.
actively prevent diseases.
Disease is characterized by the malfunctioning of It represents a deviation from the state of complete physical,
9
organs/systems and the appearance of symptoms. mental, and social well-being.
Diseases are categorized as infectious or non- This classification differentiates between diseases with varying
10
infectious based on their transmission mechanisms. levels of transmissibility.
Some infectious diseases (like AIDS) are fatal, while Different diseases exhibit varying severity levels and impacts on
11 cancer is a major cause of death among non-infectious individuals and populations.
diseases.
Drug and alcohol abuse negatively affect health by The harmful substances contribute to adverse health outcomes
12
damaging various bodily systems. through their impact on physiological functions.
7.1 COMMON DISEASES IN HUMANS - I
Pathogens cause diseases in humans. Disruption of vital activities leads to morphological and
13
functional damage in the host.
Pathogens enter through various means. Effective entry via food, water, air, or contact multiplies and
14
interferes with vital activities.
Pathogens adapt to host environment. Survival demands strategies like withstanding low pH in the
15
stomach and resisting digestive enzymes.
S. Typhi causes typhoid fever. Entry through contaminated food and water leads to symptoms
16
like sustained fever, weakness, and stomach pain.
Fever, weakness, stomach pain are symptoms. Indicators of infection, including intestinal perforation in severe
17
cases, confirmed by Widal test.
Bacteria cause pneumonia in humans. Infection of alveoli leads to fluid accumulation, severe
18 respiratory issues, and characteristic symptoms like fever and
cough.
Fever, chills, cough, headache are symptoms. Body's response to bacterial infection, with severe cases
19
showing grayish-blue discoloration in lips and nails.
Transmission via inhalation or shared utensils. Infection spreads through inhalation of droplets or sharing
20
contaminated items with an infected person.
Rhinoviruses cause the common cold. Infection in the nose and respiratory passage triggers cold
21
symptoms lasting 3-7 days.
Nasal congestion, sore throat are symptoms. Body's response to virus, with transmission occurring through
22
droplets or contaminated objects.
Spreads through droplets or contaminated objects. Transmission through close contact or touching contaminated
23
surfaces, facilitating infection in a healthy person.
Plasmodium causes malaria in humans. Parasitic infection of red blood cells results in disrupted
24
function and various types of malaria.
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, Spread the Happiness. Assertion and Reason Statements Feedback: 9008271516
XII_ZOO_NEW_CHAPTER-07: HUMAN HEALTH & DISEASE _ A&R TEST ITEMS
# Correct Assertion Correct Reason
Different Plasmodium species cause different Severity varies based on the Plasmodium species, with
25 severities. malignant malaria caused by P. falciparum being the most
serious.
7.1 COMMON DISEASES IN HUMANS - II
Sporozoites in mosquito bite cause Plasmodium Mosquito injects sporozoites during feeding, initiating the life
26
infection. cycle.
Rupture of RBCs leads to fever due to haemozoin Haemozoin, released during RBC rupture, causes fever and
27
release. chills.
Mosquito bite transmits sporozoites, restarting the Female Anopheles injects sporozoites during blood meal.
28
cycle.
Parasites multiply in liver cells and then invade RBCs. Sporozoites multiply asexually within liver cells, then invade red
29
blood cells.
Merozoites infect new RBCs, continuing the asexual Merozoites released from liver cells infect new red blood cells.
30
replication cycle.
Gametocytes taken up by mosquito result in sexual Female mosquito ingests gametocytes during blood meal,
31
reproduction. leading to sexual reproduction.
Mosquito bite transmits sporozoites, initiating a new Salivary glands store mature sporozoites for transmission
32
infection cycle. through mosquito bites.
Houseflies transmit Entamoeba histolytica from feces Houseflies act as mechanical carriers, transmitting the parasite
33
to food, causing amoebiasis. from feces to food.
Drinking contaminated water and food leads to Main source of infection is drinking water and food
34
Entamoeba histolytica infection. contaminated by fecal matter.
Sporozoites are the infectious form of Plasmodium. Sporozoites enter the human body through the bite of an
35
infected mosquito.
Haemozoin is a toxic substance released during RBC Haemozoin, a toxic substance, causes chill and high fever upon
36
rupture. RBC rupture.
Female Anopheles mosquito is the vector transmitting Female Anopheles mosquito acts as a vector transmitting the
37
Plasmodium. malarial parasite.
Parasite requires both human and mosquito hosts to Malarial parasite's life cycle involves two hosts, human and
38
complete its life cycle. mosquitoes.
Houseflies function as mechanical carriers Houseflies function as mechanical carriers, transmitting
39
transmitting the parasite. Entamoeba histolytica.
Infection occurs through drinking contaminated water Drinking contaminated water and food functions as the main
40
and food. source of infection
Sporozoites multiply asexually within hepatocytes. Sporozoites undergo asexual reproduction within liver cells,
41
contributing to the multiplication phase of the life cycle.
7.1 COMMON DISEASES IN HUMANS - III
Helminth eggs in feces contaminate soil/water due to Poor sanitation practices enable the spread of helminth eggs
42
poor sanitation. from feces to soil and water, contributing to contamination.
Ingesting contaminated food/water leads to helminth Helminth eggs, ingested through contaminated food or water,
43
infection. hatch in the intestine, releasing larvae and causing infection.
Mosquito bites transmit filarial worms, and larvae Filarial worm transmission occurs through mosquito bites, with
44 develop in mosquitoes. larvae developing in the mosquito before migrating to a human
host.
Filarial worms cause lymphatic inflammation and Blockage of lymphatic vessels by filarial worms leads to chronic
45 elephantiasis. inflammation, disrupting fluid drainage and causing swelling
(elephantiasis).
Fungi from soil, objects, or contact cause fungal Fungal spores spread easily through touch or the environment,
46
infection. leading to infection from sources like soil, objects, or contact.
Warm, moist areas promote fungal growth, favoring Fungi causing ringworm thrive in warm, moist areas like skin
47
spore germination. folds, facilitating spore germination and colonization.
Ascaris eggs in contaminated food/water cause Ingested Ascaris eggs hatch in the intestine, releasing larvae and
48 ascariasis. leading to ascariasis in individuals consuming contaminated
food or water.
Mosquito bites transmit Wuchereria filarial worms, Larvae develop in lymphatic vessels, leading to chronic
49
causing elephantiasis. inflammation and swelling (elephantiasis) in the human host.
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