Inductive Effect [A Fundamental Concept in Organic Reaction Mechanism]
8.7.5 Inductive Effect
# False Statement True Statement
The inductive effect induces stability in organic The inductive effect shifts electron density in a polar covalent
1
compounds, making them less reactive. bond, affecting reactivity.
Halogens are electron-donating groups, promoting Halogens are electron-withdrawing groups, reducing electron
2
electron density towards the attached carbon atom. density towards the attached carbon atom.
Resonance structures depict the actual arrangement of
Resonance structures are hypothetical representations that
3 atoms in a molecule, offering a precise representation
contribute to the actual stable structure of a molecule.
of its behavior.
Resonance structures show different molecular Resonance structures represent hypothetical arrangements
4
arrangements, leading to instability in the molecule. contributing to the actual stable structure.
Electromeric effect is the primary cause of stability in Electromeric effect involves temporary electron displacement
5
temporary molecular states. during reactions.
Electromeric effect is a permanent influence observed
Electromeric effect is a temporary influence observed in a
6 in a molecule even in the absence of an attacking
molecule, especially in the presence of an attacking reagent.
reagent.
Hyperconjugation destabilizes molecules by causing Hyperconjugation stabilizes molecules by dispersing positive
7
electron density to shift away from adjacent σ-bonds. charge through adjacent σ-bonds.
Hyperconjugation destabilizes carbocations by Hyperconjugation stabilizes carbocations by dispersing
8 dispersing positive charge through electron density from positive charge through electron density from adjacent σ-
adjacent σ-bonds. bonds.
Rearrangement reactions involve the addition of atoms Rearrangement reactions involve the rearrangement of atoms
9
or groups to a molecule. or groups within a molecule.
Rearrangement reactions involve the addition of atoms
Rearrangement reactions involve the rearrangement of atoms
10 or groups to a molecule, resulting in a modified
or groups within a molecule, resulting in a modified structure.
structure.
Polar covalent bonds result from atoms with similar Polar covalent bonds form due to electronegativity differences
11
electronegativities forming a bond. between atoms.
Resonance structures represent transient configurations Resonance structures contribute to stability through their
12
in a molecule, contributing to instability. hybrid to form the actual molecule.
Conjugated systems hinder electron delocalization, Conjugated systems facilitate electron delocalization,
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leading to instability in molecules. stabilizing molecules.
Electromeric effect involves permanent electron Electromeric effect involves temporary electron displacement
14
displacement in covalent bonds, affecting bond stability. in covalent bonds during reactions.
Substitution reactions lead to a decrease in molecular Substitution reactions involve the replacement of atoms or
15
diversity and complexity. groups in a molecule.
Addition reactions decrease the number of atoms or Addition reactions involve adding atoms or groups to a
16
groups in a molecule, simplifying its structure. molecule, increasing its complexity.
Elimination reactions lead to the addition of atoms or Elimination reactions involve the removal of atoms or groups
17
groups in a molecule. from a molecule.
Resonance structures form through permanent electron Resonance structures represent hypothetical electron
18
transfer, resulting in stable configurations. distributions contributing to the actual molecule's stability.
Conjugated systems reduce stability in molecules by Conjugated systems increase stability in molecules by
19
hindering the sharing of π-electrons. allowing the sharing of π-electrons.
The positive electromeric effect withdraws electrons The positive electromeric effect involves the donation of
20
from the attacking reagent, promoting stability. electrons to the attacking reagent, promoting reactivity.
The negative electromeric effect results in electron The negative electromeric effect involves the withdrawal of
21
donation to the attacking reagent, promoting reactivity. electrons from the attacking reagent, promoting stability.
Resonance effects have no impact on the polarity of a Resonance effects can induce positive or negative polarity in
22
molecule. a molecule based on electron displacement.
Resonance energy is the energy required to form the Resonance energy is the difference in energy between the
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actual stable structure from the resonance structures. actual structure and the lowest energy resonance structure.
Electron-donating groups increase electron density in a Electron-donating groups donate electron density to the
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molecule, making it less reactive. attached carbon atom, affecting reactivity.
Electron-withdrawing groups decrease electron density Electron-withdrawing groups withdraw electron density from
25
in a molecule, making it more reactive. the attached carbon atom, affecting reactivity.
Covalent bonds form through the sharing of electrons Covalent bonds form through the sharing of electrons with
26 with similar electronegativities, resulting in non-polar differing electronegativities, resulting in polar or non-polar
bonds. bonds.
Conjugated systems exhibit higher reactivity due to Conjugated systems exhibit unique stability due to electron
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electron sharing among adjacent atoms. delocalization among adjacent atoms.
Electronegativity has no influence on the formation of Electronegativity differences influence the polarity and nature
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covalent bonds. of covalent bonds.
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