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11. Forensic psychology - essay plans.
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- Ch1 Nursing.
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- Ch1 Nursing.
11. Forensic psychology - essay plans.
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11. Forensic psychology - essay plansOutline and evaluate the top-down approach to offender profiling.
AO1 - correct answer-- used in the US, developed from interviews with 36
sexually-motivated serial killers in the 1970s
- data collection: crime scene evidence, EWT
- crime classification: typology is identified
--- organised: planned, removes evidence, socially competent, high IQ, unknown to victim
--- disorganised: unplanned, chaotic crime scene, socially inept, low IQ, known to victim
- crime reconstruction: events of the crime established
- profile generation: 'sketch' of an offender's characteristics and demographic is developed
Outline and evaluate the top-down approach to offender profiling.
AO3
+--- - correct answer-+ FBI claims it's useful in apprehending offenders
save time/resources, catches offenders before they act again
--- subjective, Canter, 39 characteristics in 100 serial killers, types not clear
- classification is too simplistic
Godwin - high IQ, sexually competent, left the body at crime scene, unplanned, behaviours
not mutually exclusive, classification is reductionist
- not applicable to all crimes
only useful for rape or murder, not burglary or theft, bottom up may be more useful
- based on outdated models of personality
static personality traits not accurate, ignores external factors, not valid in prediction of next
moves
Outline and evaluate the bottom-up approach to offender profiling.
AO1 - correct answer-- developed by Canter for the UK police force, no pre-established
typology
- investigative psychology: crime is recorded on a data base and matched with others to
develop hypotheses about the characteristics and motivations of offenders
- interpersonal coherence (the way an offender treats a victim reflects real-life functioning)
- forensic awareness (covering tracks)
- geographical profiling, find the operational base at the centre of the locations of previous
crimes (circle theory)
- use CGT to develop a jeopardy surface map used to predict future crimes
- SSA identifies patterns in behaviour by combing matrix data involving multiple variables to
measure relationships between them
Outline and evaluation the bottom-up approach to offender profiling.
, AO3
+/- +/- +/- - - correct answer-+ case study support
Railway Rapist, John Duffy apprehended
--- Murder of Rachel Nickell wrongly ruled out the suspect, took 16 years, negative economic
impact
+ narrows down search area
Lundrigan and Canter analysed 120 murder cases, SSA found residences at the centre of
the patterns
--- cannot distinguish between multiple offenders
+ more scientific
objective statistical techniques and computer analysis (SSA)
--- only as good as the data inputted, not including unsolved crimes; formulae may be
incorrect
- circle theory is unsuccessful
Canter and Larkin 45 sexual assaults 91% of offenders were marauders; police may look in
the wrong places, oversimplistic, cities can form other patterns
Describe and evaluate research into the atavistic form. (8 marks)
AO1 - correct answer-- Lombroso: offenders are biologically different, lack evolutionary
development, sub-species
- physiological markers: strong jaw, facial asymmetry, extra toes/nipples, curly hair
- savage nature means they could not adjust to civilised society, therefore as a genetic
throwback, people with an atavistic form become social outcasts and turn to crime
- examined skulls of 383 dead and 3839 alive convicts in Italy, concluded that 40% of crimes
can be explained using the atavistic form
Describe and evaluate research into the atavistic form. (8 marks)
AO3
+/- - - - correct answer-+ led to development of modern criminology
Hollin, paradigm shift to a more credible approach: large sample
--- not scientifically credible, lack of control group, no random allocation of participants, too
subjective to determine cause-and-effect, lack of validity
- scientific racism
DeLisi, if characteristics predispose criminals, certain races would be more likely to become
offenders, e.g. African Americans have curly hair, ethical implications, justifies eugenics
- contradictory evidence
Goring, 3000 non-criminals and 3000 criminals, no evidence of unusual facial characteristics
Discuss genetic explanations of offending. Refer to evidence in your answer.
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