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Summary King John and Henry III paper OCR A level History
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HENRY III 1216-1272 – Henry 20 marker is marked in exactly the same way as the France 20 markerInterim judgement, evaluation, point, clear argument, etc.
REGENCY AND MINORITY 1216-1232
DEFENDING AGAINST LOUIS- HOW HENRY GETS THE CROWN:
Factors in this topic ‘Team Henry’, Magna Carta, The Church, William the Marshal, Louis’ invasion I would argue that the
Church is the most important factor in this, and second to it would be Magna Carta and Team Henry
Philip sends his son Louis to invade England in what becomes the First Barons’ War in May 1216
May 1216- louis invades, 18 October 1216 John dies, 28 October anointing of Henry III at makeshift ceremony in
Gloucester- overseen by Guala, 12 Nov 1216 Magna Carta is reissued alongside a forest charter, May 1217 Nicola de la
Hay defends Lincoln castle at the Battle of Lincoln, August 1217, Battle at Dover
Conditions of Henry II’s succession: ‘TEAM HENRY’:
- King Philip II of France sends his son Louis to lead the French Army, John dies in October 1216 while Louis is in control of
London( and therefore Westminster) and Southampton
- Alexander of Scotland had retaken Carlisle and performed homage to Louis for the Northern counties in England
- Complaints that Henry’s coronation was illegitimate- not done by the AoC Stephen Langton but Guala Bicchieri
- Council of 13 and the regency council was UNSTABLE
- William the Marshal feels as if he is too old to be his guardian but takes the offer when the Church offers him absolution from
sin in exchange.
- Ranulf of Chester is not present as he is fighting
Henry III anointed by Peter des Roches in a makeshift ceremony at Gloucester on 28 October 1216, overseen by Guala (papal
legate), not present is Ranulf Earl of Chester, amidst Louis’ occupation of London and Westminster, PDR elected regent having
previously been Henry’s tutor- TEAM HENRY: PDR, WTM, Walter de Lacy, William Brewer (sheriff of southern counties),
Guala Bicchieri (papal legate), Nicola de la Hay, Willikin the Wield, Ranulf Earl of Chester
- Henry is crowned with a flower crown
- During the crowning news arrives that rebels had attacked Goodrich castle- Welsh rebels, 18 miles away
Guala placed Wales under Interdict, excommunicates Louis of France and his allies Robert fitz Walter, Eustace de Vesci and
Geoffrey de Mandeville- leaving the rebels very little motivation to not ally with the Angevin cause- John was dead and their
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,leader was excommunicated- only reason was residual hate for John- puts rebels on the side of excommincate and makes Henry
the candidate who is favoured by the papacy
- Team henry is often disliked due to reliance on foreigners e.g. William Marshal was a Norman, Guala- Italian, PDR was
French-born
Magna Carta
Magna Carta is reuissued on 12 November 1216- removal of now-pointless security clauses intended to previously restrain John –
19 security clauses this highlights the removal of the rebels’ cause, credited to William Marshal in putting the rebels in a
controversial position in going against rightful succession, which Magna Carta advocates for
WM credited with destabilisation of enemies through reissuing of Magna Carta and subsequently establishing Henry as the true
authority of the law
Saving England from structural crisis
15 May 1217- Battle at Lincoln Nicola de la Hay, Castellan at Lincoln
- Battle lasts 6 hours
- Fawkes de Breaute uses an element of surprise, attack from the castle, des Roches controls crossbowmen, Ranulf of Cheter
controls some knights, this battle immediately led to Louis talking about withdrawal
- 400 knights and 250 crossbowmen arrive at Newark, WM delivers an invigorating speech and nearly forgets his own helmet,
Count of Perche’s behaviour makes way for royalist victory and increased reversi
- Nicola de la Hay had been defending the castle for 3 months
- Count of Perche killed , increases reversi even more
Sidenote- Falkes de Breaute- mercenary army commander, castles at Oxford, Buckingham, Hertford, Bedford, Cambridge and
Northampton- start of 1217 , commanding crossbowmen, May 1217
The Weald
^ Meanwhile Willikin the Weald performs and leads Guerilla attacks Cinque Ports – The Weald August 1216- September 1217,
blocking access to London, bow and arrow, Cinque Ports, Willikin the Weald/ William Cassingham
Louis finally departs for France and accepts defeat in the Treaty of Kingston-Upon-Thames in SEPT 1217- swore to uphold the
treaty and respect the papacy- Louis’ redemption was put off until he sat before him in vulnerable robes
August 1217- Battle at Dover – defence of Rochester castle
- Defeat of French forces, naval attack led by Hubert de Burgh – fought the French at Sandwich- showered the fleet with
arrows and quicklime, Eustace the Monk captured
- Hubert de Burgh , held onto Dover , August 1217 quicklime on Eustace the Monk and captures him
The Church
England as a papal fief and presence of Guala, protection from the Pope- although the Church had once tried to annul magna carta
under John, church was trying to relaunch Magna Carta in Bristol on-side with Henry, reduced the rebel barons’ cause as Guala
Bicchieri (papal legate) excommunicated Louis and his allies and placed an Interdict on Wales, turning the fight against Louis into
a CRUSADE
- Hence although Louis controlled Westminster his excommunicate status meant that he could no longer be crowned – and no
one supported him enough to crown him, Louis abandons his claim to the throne
TREATY AT KINGSTON-UPON-THAMES SEPTEMBER 1217, LOUIS SAILS HOME TO FRANCE
POST FIRST BARONS’ WAR- ACTIONS OF WILLIAM THE MARSHAL
William the Marshal reforms and issues with local government as Henry’s guardian after the Treaty at Kingston in September
1217, Magna Carta is reissued while William the Marshal handles papal relationship , justice, castellans, and rebuilding
relationship with the people
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, - WTM is significant as he rallied forced against Louis and his decision to split forces between Lincoln and Dover, and took on
the role of Henry’s Guardian- rallied 400 soldiers and 250 crossbowmen at Lincoln and takes up the position of Henry’s
guardian in return for papal absolution
Land and threat of Invasion
- Dulled the threat of Alexander of Scotland by persuading him to give up the claims to Carlisle and Earldom of Huntingdon,
which he had attained by paying homage to Louis
- Concerns in Wales as Llywelyn wanted to keep hold of his own territorial gains since Louis’ invasion
- Fears of French attack due to expiration of the Breton truce in 1220 – Philip renews the truce in 1220, but does die in 1223-
would become an issue, Louis refuses to renew it
Finance
- WM even viewed the reissuing of Magna Carta as minor – 2/3 decline in revenie since 1199, inflation meant that decline was
GREATER- localities had gained power at the expense of local government
- sheriffs had taken revenue as opposed to passing it on to the Excheuquer, royal lands/ demesne taken localities gained
power at the expense of central government
- Local communities refused to return rebel possessions
- Henry only had seven household knights as opposed to John’s 100
Magna Carta
- Reissuing of Magna Carta under William the Marshal offered moderate terms to the rebels for reconciliation
Justice
- July 1218 he removed Robert de Gaugi as Castellan of Newark castle and replaced him by returning it to the bishop of
Lincoln
- Judges commissioned to tour the country and hear civil pleas, bench of justice at Westminster
- Nov 1218- seal for the king introduced, bench of justice at Westminster re introduced after john had gotten rid of it in 1209
- Justices of Eyre in force- 1218, WM helps to re-establish itinerant justice
Future Actions
- April 1219- 1 month before his death he resigns as regent and puts Henry into the Triumvirate’s regency
- May 1219- William the Marshal dies
- Triumvirate- Hubert de Burgh, Pandulf, Peter des Roches
2 December 1219- Guala withdraws as papal legate and Pandulf arrives
May 1220- organises Henry’s second coronation at Westminster
Philip had renewed the truce in 1220, but dies in 1223, Louis who fought in the 1st barons war refused to renew it- While Henry is
putting down unrest in Bedford, Louis conquers Poitou and much of Gascony is overrun by Hugh de Lusignan- married to John’s
widow Isabella of Angouleme
By 1221 Henry is 14, Pandulf withdraws and PDR is no longer his tutor, PDR is ousted by Hubert de Burgh
- Triumvirate does not last long
Regency under Hubert de Burgh 1221-1232
Initial conflicts
- Louis refuses to renew the truce in 1223, while Henry is putting down unrest in Bedford, Louis conquers Poitou and Gascony
where Hugh de Lusignan has overrun loads of territory in Gascony, and is also married to Isabella of Angouleme, John’s wife
and Henry’s mum
1223- Papal conflict climaxes as both the pope and PDR demanded that Henry have control of his seal – Henry is around 17
Gascony
1224 under Regency of Hubert de Burgh the English land in Aquitaine, had been reduced to Bordeaux and a few other towns, with
much of the Western coast was vulnerable- in French hands, could harass English shipping.
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