GEOG 1010 EXAM NOTES CARLETON UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2024
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Module
GEOG 1010
Institution
Carleton University (CU
)
The mass of ice that flows under its own weight and forms when snowfall exceeds snow melt over long periods of time. Occupies ~11% of Earth's land area today. - Glacier
1. Powerful agent of geomorphic change.
2. Source of freshwater - ~77% of all freshwater are locked in glaciers.
3. Release n...
GEOG 1010 EXAM NOTES CARLETON
UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 2024
The mass of ice that flows under its own weight and forms when snowfall exceeds
snow melt over long periods of time. Occupies ~11% of Earth's land area today. -
Glacier
1. Powerful agent of geomorphic change.
2. Source of freshwater - ~77% of all freshwater are locked in glaciers.
3. Release nutrients locked up in rocks.
4. Contributes to change in sea level. - Environmental significance of glaciers
Related to water volume and ice volume. - Eustatic sea-level
Related to land 'position.' - Isostatic sea-level
Snow/ice transformed under pressure, first-year snow lots of air snow is compacted
freeze/thaw makes it denser firn , recrystallization eventually forms dense glacial
ice . - Formation of Glacial ice
Balance of input (snow, rime) to output (ice, meltwater, water vapour. - Mass
balance
Where winter snow survived the summer melt.
When accumulation > ablation, glacier advances.
When ablation> accumulation, glacier retreats. - Equilibrium line or "firn line"
Not confined by topography, generally low slope and usually big, flow is not
governed by topography. - Continental Glacier
Large continuous ice masses covering a larger part of a continent and ice KM thick
(Antarctica ~4000m: Greenland ~3200m).
Movement is limited, occurring mainly in local areas or very slowly over time.
Pleistocene continental ice sheets shaped the physical landscape of Canada,
Created landforms from erosion and deposition, Laurentide Ice sheet and
Fennoscandian
, Ice sheet. Is a dome-shaped. - Ice sheet
Floats on water, attached to land-based ice.
E.g. ross ice shelf, Antarctic. - Ice shelf
< 50,000 km
e.g. barnes ice cap on Baffin island.
Same as ice sheet but smaller, Is a dome-shaped. - Ice cap
Confined by topography, generally steep slope, usually small, slow is governed by
topography. - Mountain/alpine glaciers
1. Cirque glacier: circle shape.
2. Valley glacier: elongated.
3. Piedmont glacier: spreads out into a fan.
4. Ice-field: occupies topography basins, constrained by topography, feed
interconnect valley glaciers. - Types of mountain/alpine glaciers
A rocky peak, protruding above ice field. Important refuge for plants and animals
during glacial times. - Nunatak
Each layer slides on internal planes, laminar flow. - Internal deformation
Slipping shifts the whole mass as a unit, slides en masses along bottom. - Basal
slipping
Incorporated rock debris into basal ice, melting on top of rock now: refreezing
behind rock knob. - Ice regelation
Velocity greatest at the top, lowest at the base. - Velocity profile of glacier with
depth
Velocity greatest down the middle, slowest at sides. - Velocity profile across
glacier
Increases with ice thickness, ice slope, and water content. The typical rate is 1-2m
per day. - Speed of glacial movement
Is faster than normal glacial movement. E.g Surge on Jakobshavn Glacier,
Greenland is 7-12 km/yr. - Surge
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