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Summary GCSE AQA History Britain: Health & the People Knowledge Organiser
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What did people think caused disease? What happened to hospitals? How were diseases treated? What modern medicine is there?From 1000AD-1850AD there were only a few things that people thought Hospitals changed through the centuries Methods of treating disease developed over Technology has allowed new surgical
caused disease. from those run by a Monastery where time- they are grouped into natural and procedures to be developed such as hip
religion was important to private hospitals supernatural. replacements ( 1972) heart transplant
The Four Humours Idea from Ancient Greece and Hippocrates, consisted where specialist wards were developed to (1968) and skin grafts (1984)
of blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile. the NHS in 1948.
Developed by Galen and used until the 1800s. Flowers to People believed smelling
cover bad flowers and herbs would
smells protect them from miasma Stem cell treatment and vaccinations
Miasma Bad smells in the air have improved to begin to use DNA for
genetic engineering, this means that
Praying/ People believed self some illnesses such as smallpox are
God & the supernatural People believed that a punishment from God could
flagellation punishment or prayers would totally gotten rid of.
cause you to become sick, sinful behaviour could also show God they were sorry for
cause illness as could bad spirits. sinning.
AIDS and cancer are two illnesses which
are still being researched to try and find
Spontaneous Generation People began to realise that rotting waste caused Wearing People wore charms to more effective treatments.
illness but people thought that germs were created charms protect themselves from
because it was rotting, not that they made it rot. spirits.
There are also alternative therapies such
Monasteries- how did they help with as a aromatherapy, hypnotherapy and
What impact did religion have on disease? Herbal People used herbs for their acupuncture.
disease? remedies natural properties to try and
Christian ideas on Medicine: cure illnesses.
• They believed God would heal the sick Monasteries were often isolated. They were often
near to rivers, so an important water source and they ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IS BEGINNING
• Prayers & Pilgrimage were important treatments had good facilities for washing. All waste would be TO OCCUR SHOWING THAT WE MAY
• Monastery hospitals gave people rest, good food and a clean bed. Chemical Only in the 20th century do
carried down the river and Monks routines also had medicine we get the development of NEED TO BE DEVELOPING MORE NEW
• The Church only approved of the teachings of Galen- therefore there them washing so this kept them cleaner than a lot of MEDICINES.
was little progress. chemical medicine-
medieval towns that had disease. Monks also had
better knowledge as they had access to books by SALVARSAN 606 is the first
Hippocrates and Galen. magic bullet and PENICILLIN
developed by Alexander Vaccination- how did this help beat disease?
Islamic ideas on Medicine: Fleming in 1928 is the first
• Science and technology were important aspects of the Islamic Empire anti-biotic. It was then mass
produced by Florey & Chain.
• Hospitals were set up to treat people and ideas were passed on through
books. Paper
• Trade helped to spread ideas and key figures like Al-Razi and Ibn-Sinna
helped to develop medical ideas. 2
Britain: Health & the • Edward Jenner developed vaccinations in 1796
when he completed his famous cowpox experiment
to discover a vaccination for smallpox.
People
The discovery of Germs-1861 • Jenner was criticised for his work as he could not
What about the epidemics of disease? explain the scientific process behind vaccination.
• However the government gave Jenner £10,000 for
The Black Death (1348) & the Great Plague Cholera (1831, 1832, 1837, 1848, 1853) In 1861 Louis his research in 1802 and in 1853 the government
Pasteur made vaccination compulsory as people realised it
(1665) was more effective than inoculation.
discovered
• The Black Death was split into two types- • Cholera killed 50,000 people in 1831. the Germ
pneumonic and bubonic. • Victims suffered from sickness, diarrhoea and then Theory by
• Doctors blamed it on the position of planets, fell into a coma and died.
miasma and God punishing them for their sins. • Cemeteries had to be closed due to the number of conducting What about Robert Koch &Alexander Fleming?
• People tried to escape the plague but as they did bodies and there was no cure for this disease. experiments
not know about the spread of disease, treatments • They believed this disease was spread by miasma. on alcohol.
were useless. • In 1839 the government set up an enquiry to look
• Food shortages came from the Black Death as into the living conditions of the poor. This resulted Koch was a German scientist
there were less peasants to plant the crops and it in a report being written by Edwin Chadwick in What helped Pasteur & Koch to make their discoveries: and spent time working on
killed 1/3 of the population of England. 1842. 1.) War: in 1871 France and Germany were at war, this increased the rivalry Robert Koch vaccinations for TB &
• The plague in 1665 had the same symptoms, • The report highlighted the need for clean streets between the two. (1870s)
buboes, sickness and death. and clean water. developed the Germ Theory.
2.) Government: Pasteur and Koch had research labs funded by their government.
• Doctors still had no cure for the Plague in 1665 • John Snow discovered the cause of cholera in 3.) Individual: Both men were scientists and very determined to develop their ideas
and so causes and treatments were very similar to 1854. 4.) Luck: Both men used chance to discover new ideas, Pasteur with his vaccine for
the Black Death. • He discovered that cholera was a water born chicken cholera. Fleming discovered penicillin
• In 1665 the councils tried to quarantine people disease and this meant the government now had 5.) Communication: News of both men's discoveries were spread by articles & bacteria by chance and found it
and stop the spread of disease this way. evidence to try and help with this epidemic. Alexander
newspapers. Fleming could kill germs internally.
(1928)
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