An in depth description on Geography ALevel Edexcel Globalisation EQ1 > "What are the causes of globalisation and why has it accelerated in recent decade?"
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EQ3: What are the consequences of globalisation for development and the environment?
Globalisation and the development gap
Development gap = difference between the poorest and richest people. This can be:
- Between countries.
- Within countries.
Measuring the gap between isn’t easy.
Geographers use single measures like life expectancy or GDP per capita. easy to use and
understand ‘headline’ measure of development. single measures are not accurate.
Instead composite indices are used. they combine several data points into an index.
Most well-known combo life expectancy + income + years in education = produce the
Human Development Index (HDI).
Gender Inequality Index (GII) combines the reproductive health of women + participation
in the workforce + and empowerment (women in higher education & politics). measures
gender aspects of development.
These indices focus on social development as well as economic development and are usually
viewed as a better reflection of development progress.
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) GDP per capita has become a popular way of comparing
economic development between countries because unlike nominal GDP it takes into
account the cost of living within countries. We can also measure development using
environmental indicators such as WHO air pollution levels. However these ted to be local
for specific cities can’t be used to compare countries.
Widening income equality
2016 Oxfam stated that the wealth of the worlds richest 1% of people is equivalent to the
wealth of the other 99%.
This degree of income inequality is not new, but may have become starker in the last few
decades.
Within countries income inequality is measured using the GINI Coefficient. Divided into
quintiles (20%) plotted as a Lorenz Curve.
Globalisation winners and losers
Winners
- 2016 1800 billionaires worldwide. made their wealth through ownership of
TNCs.
- Developed countries have proved very good at maintaining their wealth, despite the
rise of countries like China.
- The rising middle class of factory and call centre workers in Asia, whose incomes
have risen as they have gained outsources and offshored jobs.
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