An in depth description on Geography ALevel Edexcel Diverse Places EQ3 > "Why are there demographic and cultural tensions in diverse places?"
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EQ3: why are there demographic and cultural tensions in diverse places?
A diverse UK
Deindustrialisation began in the 1960s, since then there has been a significant internal
migration in the UK North-South drift. Internal migrants tend to be:
- The economically active, usually under 35.
- They are usually relatively skilled or educated as well as motivated.
- Seeking employment in an area of the UK that is more prosperous than where they
migrated from.
The regions that have in-migration gain. Yet the origin regions lose their youngest and most
talented people. Regionally the biggest ‘losers’ are the North-East, West Midlands,
Yorkshire, and Humber.
All regions in the UK have experienced population growth since 2004, but internal migration
contributes to very different growth rates.
- The east and south east grew 0.8% each year between 2004-2014.
- London grew 1.8% annually.
- Scotland, Wales, and the north grew 0.5% or less annually.
Because most internal migrants are young, this has led to significant gaps in the age
differences.
- London is the youngest with an average age of 34.
- Scotland and the north has an average of 40-41.
The south west is an anomaly as it has the highest average of 42.9 but also has positive net
migration. This is because of it being a popular retirement destination.
Net migration: the balance of people arriving and leaving an area each year. More arrivals =
positive net migration. More leavers = negative net migration.
Internal migration is not the only component of population change.
Changes in international migration have been very significant in the last 50 years. It has
impacted more places than others. Immigrants tend to live in some places rather than
others.
Growth or decline in population, as well as average age and ethnicity, depends on the
balance of:
Birth VS death + net internal migration + net international migration.
Immigrants who arrived in the late 50,60,70s are often called post-colonial migrants.
post-colonial migrants: arrived from countries that were once colonies of the UK but
became independent after WW2.
Most have children and grandchildren born in the UK. These 2nd and 3rd generation
populations tend to live in similar places where their parents and grandparents first settled.
The largest immigrant groups in the UK are from the Indian sub-continent (India, Pakistan,
Bangladesh).
Examples of immigrant groups:
Afro Caribbean
- Arrived at the beginning of 1948, peaking in the late 50s.
- They filled post WW2 labour shortages in the UK.
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