Nurs 615 Pharm Exam 1 – Maryville Graded A+ - How does hypoalbuminemia affect the process of prescribing? - Answer: Hypoalbuminemia (low albumin levels) means there is less protein available in the blood to
bind with drugs. This results in more free (unbound) drug in the bloodstream, which can ...
Nurs 615 Pharm Exam 1 – Maryville Graded A+
- How does hypoalbuminemia affect the process of prescribing?
- Answer: Hypoalbuminemia (low albumin levels) means there is less protein available in the blood to
bind with drugs. This results in more free (unbound) drug in the bloodstream, which can lead to
increased drug activity and potentially higher risk of adverse effects.
- What is a Black Box Warning?
- Answer: A Black Box Warning is the strongest warning issued by the FDA (or other regulatory bodies)
indicating that a drug carries significant risks and should be used cautiously or avoided in certain
situations. It is essentially a contraindication to administer that drug under specific circumstances.
- What is the drug's half-life?
- Answer: The half-life of a drug refers to the time it takes for half of the drug to be cleared from the
bloodstream or the body. It helps determine dosing intervals and how long the drug remains effective in
the body.
- Peak of action:
- Answer: Peak of action refers to the time after drug administration when the drug reaches its highest
concentration in the bloodstream, providing its maximum therapeutic effect.
- Duration of action:
- Answer: Duration of action is the length of time a drug produces a therapeutic effect in the body,
starting from when it begins to work until it is metabolized below the effective level.
- According to the WHO, what is the first step in the prescribing process?
- Answer: The first step is to define the patient's problem or condition that requires treatment.
- Second step in the WHO approach:
- Answer: Specify the therapeutic objective, which outlines the goals of treatment and what outcomes
are desired.
- Third step in the WHO approach:
, - Answer: Choose which drug or treatment is needed based on the patient's condition, therapeutic
goals, and considerations like safety and efficacy.
- Step 4 of the WHO approach:
- Answer: Start the treatment with the chosen drug or therapy, ensuring proper administration and
monitoring.
- Step 5 of the WHO approach:
- Answer: Educate the patient about the prescribed treatment, including how to take the medication,
potential side effects, and what to expect from treatment.
- Step 6 of the WHO approach:
- Answer: Monitor the treatment's effectiveness and the patient's response to ensure optimal
outcomes and adjust treatment as necessary.
- Phase 1 of drug development:
- Answer: During Phase 1, the drug is tested on healthy volunteers to evaluate its safety profile,
pharmacokinetics (how the body processes the drug), and initial dosing ranges.
- Phase 2 of drug development:
- Answer: In Phase 2, the drug is tested on individuals who have the disease or condition for which the
drug is intended to treat, to further evaluate its effectiveness, optimal dosing, and potential side effects
in a controlled setting.
Phase 3 of drug development: ✔️Large numbers of patients in medical research centers receive the
drug in phase 3. This larger sampling provides information about infrequent or rare adverse effects. The
FFA will approve a new drug application if phase 3 studies are satisfactory.
Phase 4 of drug development: ✔️This phase is voluntary and involves postmarket surveillance of the
drug's therapeutic effects at the completion of phase 3. The pharmaceutical company receives reports
from doctors and other health care professionals about the therapeutic results and adverse effects of
the drug. Some medications, for example, have been found to be toxic and have been removed from the
market after their initial release.
, Explain first pass metabolism ✔️much of the drug is lost in the absorption process. The liver
metabolizes many drugs, thus reduces the bioavailabilty of the drug.
What is the fasted route of absorption: ✔️The fastest route of absorption is inhalation, and not as
mistakenly considered the IV administration.
Why does the GI tract take longer to absorb? ✔️The GI tract is lined with epithelial cells; drugs must
permeate through these cells in order to be absorbed into the circulatory system.
What is One particular cellular barrier that may prevent absorption of a given drug? ✔️the cell
membrane. Cell membranes are essentially lipid bilayers which form a semipermeable membrane. Pure
lipid bilayers are generally permeable only to small and uncharged solutes, hence whether or not a
molecule is ionized will affect its absorption, since ionic molecules are charged.
What is solubility? ✔️Solubility favors charged species, permeability favors neutral species. Some
molecules have special exchange proteins and channels to facilitate movement from the lumen into the
circulation.
Why does absorption occur at a slower rate for oral, IM, SQ routes? ✔️Absorption occurs at a slower
rate because the complex membrane systems of GI mucosal layers, muscle, and skin delay drug passage.
The ability of a drug to cross a cell membrane depends on: ✔️whether the drug is water or lipid (fat)
soluble. Lipid-soluble drugs easily cross through cell membranes; water-soluble drugs can't. Lipid-soluble
drugs can also cross the blood-brain barrier and enter the brain.
As a drug travels through the body, it comes in contact with? ✔️proteins such as the plasma protein
albumin. The drug can remain free or bind to the protein. The portion of a drug that's bound to a protein
is inactive and can't exert a therapeutic effect. Only the free, or unbound, portion remains active. A drug
is said to be highly protein-bound if more than 80% of the drug is bound to protein.
Identify drug metabolism and the role of isoenzymes in the p450 system ✔️CYPs are the are the major
enzymes involved in drug metabolism accounting for about 75% of the total metabolism.
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller bestscores1. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for £8.86. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
