These are the detailed notes that I have made for the first Unit of Second Year Pharmacy at the University of Bradford. However, I'm sure this document will be beneficial to other students that are also studying Pharmacy at other Universities.
Contents
UNIT ONE NOTES:....................................................................................................... 3
SECTION 1: CORE PRINCIPLES AND PHARMACY SCIENCE:...........................................3
INTRODUCTION:....................................................................................................... 3
PHARMACODYNAMICS:............................................................................................. 3
DEFINITIONS:........................................................................................................ 3
LOCATIONS AND FUNCTIONS:...............................................................................3
ADRENALINE AND NORADRENALINE:....................................................................4
SIDE EFFECTS:......................................................................................................... 4
SALBUTAMOL:....................................................................................................... 4
PROPRANOLOL:..................................................................................................... 4
ANTI-HISTAMINES:.................................................................................................... 5
CHLORPHENIRAMINE:............................................................................................ 5
PHARMACOKINETICS:............................................................................................... 6
TO LEARN:............................................................................................................ 6
INTRAVENOUS ROUTE:.......................................................................................... 8
AGE-RELATED STAGES OF LIFE:................................................................................ 8
DRUG INTERACTIONS:............................................................................................ 11
DRUG INTERACTIONS:......................................................................................... 11
FACTORS THAT CAN CAUSE PHARMACOKINETIC INTERACTIONS:........................12
EXTRA NOTES:....................................................................................................... 12
INHIBITION AND INDUCTION:................................................................................. 14
SECTION 2: CORE PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACY PRACTICE:..........................................15
PHARMACIST ROLES:.............................................................................................. 15
FOUR-STAGE MODEL FOR PROBLEM SOLVING:....................................................15
THE PHARMACIST AS A PRESCRIBER:.....................................................................15
IMPORTANT KEY TERMS:..................................................................................... 16
DUTY OF CANDOUR:........................................................................................... 18
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES:...............................................................18
SBAR:.................................................................................................................. 19
GPHC GUIDANCE ON CONFIDENTIALITY:.............................................................19
MEDICINES-RELATED PROBLEMS:.......................................................................19
USING RESOURCES:............................................................................................ 21
PREVENTING AND MANAGING DRUG INTERACTIONS:.........................................25
TESTS TO SUPPORT DIAGNOSIS AND MONITORING:...........................................25
SECTION 3: CONSULTATIONS:.................................................................................... 27
DEVELOPING CONSULTATION SKILLS:.....................................................................27
MANAGING CONSULTATIONS:..............................................................................27
1
, DEVELOPING YOUR CULTURAL COMPETENCE:........................................................32
EDI IN HEALTHCARE - EQUALITY, DIVERSITY AND INCLUSION:............................32
TAKING A MEDICATION HISTORY:............................................................................34
UNIT 1 ANATOMY NOTES:.......................................................................................... 36
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM:...................................................................................37
GASTROINTESTINAL AND HEPATOBILIARY SYSTEM:...............................................40
RENAL SYSTEM:..................................................................................................... 41
NERVOUS SYSTEM:................................................................................................. 42
BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER:...................................................................................... 42
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID:...................................................................................... 42
LUMBAR PUNCTURE:........................................................................................... 42
TYPES OF ADMINISTRATIONS:.............................................................................42
CEREBERAL HEMISPHERES:................................................................................ 43
2
, UNIT ONE NOTES:
SECTION 1: CORE PRINCIPLES AND
PHARMACY SCIENCE:
INTRODUCTION:
There are two key areas of pharmacology:
1. PHARMACOKINETICS: What the body does to the drug - ADME
2. PHARMACODYNAMICS: What the drug does to the body - Mechanism of
action
Importance of pharmacology:
Facilitates successful communication
Reduces the incidence of adverse drug effects
Integration of information about the patient, their condition and their
therapies
PHARMACODYNAMICS:
Drugs act on:
Receptors, enzymes, ion channels, and transporters
Non-specific drug targets
Biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy
DEFINITIONS:
Adrenergic Receptors → Proteins that adrenaline (+ molecules similar in shape
and size) bind (⇒ activation)
Receptor Subtypes → Receptors with significant homology but different
interactions with receptor
Homology = Similar amino acid sequence, but different residues =
Different interactions
β-Adrenergic Receptor Agonists → Drugs that bind and activate ****β-
adrenergic receptors
Salbutamol is an agonist of the β2-adrenergic receptor
β-Adrenergic Receptors Antagonists → Drugs that bind and prevent the
activation of β-adrenergic receptors
Propranolol is a β1 and 2-adrenergic receptor antagonist
LOCATIONS AND FUNCTIONS:
β1 → In cells of kidney and heart and skeletal muscle
Function: Heart muscle contraction
Activation increases blood pressure
β2 → In cells of lung as well as vascular and GI smooth muscle
Function: Smooth muscle relaxation
β3 → In fat cells (adipocytes)
3
, ADRENALINE AND NORADRENALINE:
NOTE: Adrenaline and noradrenaline is released from the adrenal glands
Are endogenous hormones
Molecules that bind to these hormones either:
1. Mimic action
2. Prevent action (i.e. prevent binding and activation)
__________________________________________________________________________________
______
SIDE EFFECTS:
= A response to a drug that is unintended, undesirable and usually noxious -
Subjective
Two types:
1. ON-TARGET SIDE EFFECTS: Intended target
2. OFF-TARGET SIDE EFFECTS: Unintended target (∵ no selectivity, but rare
because made to be selective)
SALBUTAMOL:
Agonist of the β2-adrenergic receptor
Binds and activates the β2-adrenergic receptor found on smooth muscle that
surrounds bronchi ∴ relax ∴ lung capacity increased
Used for the treatment of asthma and COPD
ON-TARGET SIDE EFFECTS: ↑ [blood glucose] = ↑ [lactic acid]
OFF-TARGET SIDE EFFECTS: (from binding to β1-adrenergic receptor)
1. Tremors = A rhythmic shaking movement in one/+ of your body.
2. Increased heartbeat by 5-10 bpm
3. Palpitations = Heart beating rapidly
PROPRANOLOL:
Antagonist of both β1 and β2-adrenergic receptors (= “beta-blocker”)
High-affinity antagonists of β-receptors = “non-selective beta-blockers”)
Propranolol competitively binds to the β1-adrenergic receptor on cardiac
myocytes/”heart muscle cells”
∴ reduces heart rate + lowers blood pressure
Used for treatment of arrhythmias and heart failures and high blood
pressure
o Also ↓ complications from a myocardial infarction
Non-cardiac physiological effects of propranolol include (∵ β2-adrenergic receptor
antagonist):
1. Reducing anxiety:
o Beta-blockers can control some of physical manifestations of
anxiety
4
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