IGCSE CIE Thermal Physics Already Graded A+
1. Solid - Solids have a fixed shape and volume. - Molecules are strongly attracted to each other. - They have a fixed pattern in a lattice structure. - Molecules vibrate around fixed positions.
2. Liquid - Liquids have a fixed volume but take the sha...
- They have a fixed pattern in a lattice structure.
- Molecules vibrate around fixed positions.
2. Liquid
- Liquids have a fixed volume but take the shape of their container.
- Forces of attraction between molecules are weaker than in solids.
- There is no fixed pattern as molecules can slide past each other.
- Molecules move by sliding past one another.
3. Gas
, - Gases have neither a fixed shape nor volume.
- There are very weak intermolecular forces.
- Molecules spread to fill the container they are in.
- Molecules move freely and collide with each other and the container walls.
4. Heating Material
- When materials are heated, molecules gain kinetic energy, causing them to move faster.
- This increased internal energy leads to expansion of the material.
5. Brownian Motion
- Brownian motion refers to the random movement of tiny particles visible under a microscope.
- It occurs due to collisions between particles like smoke and air molecules, causing random directional
changes.
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