Summary
Glycolysis summary
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- The University Of Kent (UKC)
A summary of Glycolysis topic, including a table summarising the ten steps.
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Some examples from this set of practice questions
1.
In a eukaryotic cell, where are the most of the enzymes of the citric acid cycle located in?
Answer: Most enzymes of the citric acid cycle are located in the mitochondrial matrix
2.
What enzyme converts succinate to fumarate in the citric acid cycle?
Answer: Succinate dehydrogenase catalyses the reaction, converting succinate to fumarate.
3.
During mammalian gluconeogenesis, what does pyruvate carboxylase catalyse?
Answer: It catalyses the production of oxaloacetate in the mitochondria.
4.
What are the major substrates for gluconeogenesis in the liver?
Answer: lactate, glycerol and glucogenic amino acids can be broken down into glucose
5.
what processes are you to expect will be favoured when the ratio of the concentrations of NADH/NAD+ is high in the cytoplasm?
Answer: -when ratio of the concentrations is high, it indicates the cell has a surplus of reduce NADH compared to oxidized NAD+ -this would favour processes that helps regenerate NAD+ from NADH, which includes pathways like fatty acid oxidation and the electron transport chain in the mitochondria
6.
what does glycogen phosphorylase catalyse?
Answer: the release of a glucose unit from the end of a glycogen chain by phosphorolysis
7.
The free energy (ΔG) of ATP hydrolysis to ADP + Pi in the cell is usually about?
Answer: +14kJ/mol to +30kJ/mol
8.
what is the main source of energy to produce glycogen from glucose monomers?
Answer: ATP
9.
what enzyme catalyzes an almost irreversible step in glycolysis?
Answer: Phosphofructokinase 1 (PFK-1)
10.
what reaction is catalysed by phosphoglucomutase?
Answer: glucose-1-phosphate to glucose-6-phosphate
Content preview
GlycolysisImportance of Glycolysis
Glycolysis is a fundamental pathway for energy production, especially under
anaerobic conditions where it is the primary source of ATP. It provides
intermediates for other metabolic pathways and plays a crucial role in cellular
metabolism, adaptation to various physiological states, and disease conditions
such as cancer, where glycolysis is upregulated (the Warburg effect).
Glycolysis is a central metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose (a six-carbon
sugar) into two molecules of pyruvate (a three-carbon compound), generating a
net gain of ATP and NADH in the process. It occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell
and is the first step in cellular respiration. The pathway is divided into two main
phases; the energy investment phase and the energy payoff phase:
Energy Investment Phase
1. Hexokinase Reaction
Reaction: Glucose + ATP → Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) + ADP
Hexokinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose to form glucose-6-
phosphate. This reaction consumes one molecule of ATP, which is converted to
ADP. The phosphorylation traps glucose within the cell and destabilizes it for
subsequent breakdown.
2. Phosphoglucose Isomerase Reaction
Reaction: Glucose-6-phosphate ↔ Fructose-6-phosphate (F6P)
G6P is isomerized to fructose-6-phosphate by the enzyme phosphoglucose
isomerase. This step converts the aldose sugar (glucose) into a ketose sugar
(fructose), preparing it for further phosphorylation.
3. Phosphofructokinase-1 Reaction
Reaction: Fructose-6-phosphate + ATP → Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (F1,6BP) +
ADP
PFK-1 catalyzes the second phosphorylation, using another ATP molecule to
convert F6P into fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. This is a key regulatory step and is
highly exergonic, making it essentially irreversible.
4. Aldolase Reaction
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