Drexel ACE N200 Midterm
Afebrile - ANS-Non-feverish. When the hypothalamic set point returns to normal. This causes
the fever to "break" and the patient will begin to sweat to cool themselves.
Antipyretics - ANS-Drugs that reduce fever. Non-steroids such as acetaminophen, salicylates,
indomethacin, ketorolac etc. reduce fever by increasing heat loss. Cortisteroids reduce fever by
masking signs of infection (These are not used to treat fever, but may mask typically-pyrogenic
conditions by suppressing fever.)
Auscultatory Gap - ANS-A period of diminished or absent Korotkoff sounds during the manual
measurement of blood pressure.
Basal Metabolic Rate - ANS-The rate at which heat is produced by an individual in a resting
state
Blood Pressure - ANS-The force exerted on the walls of an artery by the pumping of blood
under pressure of the heart. Blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg).
(Normal adult BP is <120/<80)
Bradycardia - ANS-Unusually low heart rate (less than 60 bpm)
Cardiac Output - ANS-Volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute. (Cardiac Output =
Heart Rate x Stroke Volume) Typically 5,000 mL/min for adults.
Celsius - ANS-A scale and unit of measurement for temperature.
C = (F-32)/1.8
Conduction - ANS-Transfer of heat from one object to another through direct contact.
Convection - ANS-Transfer of heat by air movement (by a fan or something)
Core Temperature - ANS-Temperature of deep tissues. It is the closest temperature to true
temperature. Core temperature can be taken via the tympanic membrane, rectum, pulmonary
artery, urinary, and temporal artery. (Rectal is 0.5°C higher than oral).
Diaphoresis - ANS-Excessive or profuse sweating or perspiration.
Diastolic Pressure - ANS-The pressure that the blood remaining in arteries exerts on the arterial
walls when the heart is relaxed (in diastole).
Dysrhythmia - ANS-Abnormal heart rhythm.
,Eupnea - ANS-Normal breathing rate and depth.
Evaporation - ANS-Transfer of heat when liquid changes to a gas typically through diaphoresis.
Farenheit - ANS-A scale and unit of temperature. F = (C x 1.8) + 32
Febrile - ANS-Condition of having a fever. When the hypothalamic set point is increased. Patient
will experience the "chills".
Fever - ANS-AKA pyrexia. Occurs when heat loss mechanisms are unable to keep pace with
excess heat production due to alteration of the hypothalamic set point by invading pyrogens
(bacteria or viruses). Pyrogens trigger immune system responses which stimulate WBC growth
which suppress bacterial growth and fight viral infections.
FUO - ANS-Fever of unknown origin
Frostbite - ANS-Occurs when the body is exposed to subnormal temperatures. Ice crystals form
inside cells which cause permanent circulatory and tissue damage.
Heat Exhaustion - ANS-Occurs when profuse diaphoresis results in excess water and
electrolyte loss caused by environmental heat exposure. Signs of fluid volume deficit. This is
treated by moving the patient to a cooler area and providing water and electrolytes.
Heat Stroke - ANS-Body temperature of 40°C (104°F) or more. Causes giddiness, confusion,
delirium, excessive thirst, nausea, muscle cramps, visual disturbances, and incontinence. Has a
high mortality rate. Elderly patients with cardiovascular disease, hypothyroidism, alcoholism,
diabetes, or people taking medications that decrease the body's ability to lose heat are most at
risk.
Hematocrit - ANS-Percentage of total blood volume that consists of red blood cells.
Hypertension - ANS-Hypertension is common and asymptomatic. It is characterized by the
thickening and loss of elasticity in arterial walls and an increase in peripheral vascular
resistance. This increase in peripheral resistance decreases blood flow to vital organs.
Hypothalamus - ANS-The part of the brain that regulates temperature. The anterior
hypothalamus controls heat loss via vasodilation, sweating, and inhibition of heat production
while the posterior hypothalamus controls heat production by vasoconstriction and shivering.
Diseases that effect the hypothalamus or spinal cord decreases the body's ability to control
temperature.
, Hypothermia - ANS-Heat loss during prolonged exposure to the cold overwhelms the ability of
the body to produce heat. This causes shivering, loss of memory, depression, and poor
judgement. Below 34°C, heart, BP, and respiratory rates drop. Chances of frostbite increase.
Hypoxemia - ANS-Abnormally low amounts of arterial oxygen in the blood.
Malignant Hyperthermia - ANS-A hereditary condition of uncontrolled heat production after
exposure to certain anesthetic drugs.
Non-shivering Thermogenesis - ANS-Vascular brown fat tissue is metabolized for heat
production. Occurs in neonates due to the inability to shiver.
Orthostatic Hypotension - ANS-AKA Postural Hypotension. Blood pressure drops suddenly due
to a change in position such as standing or sitting up. Can create symptoms of light
headedness, pallor, increased pulse rate, decreased urine output, and confusion. *Due not
delegate orthostatic hypotension readings
Perfusion - ANS-The ability of the cardiovascular system to move oxygenated blood to the
tissues and return deoxygenated blood to the lungs. The distribution of red blood cells to and
from the pulmonary capillaries. Assessed through O2 saturation.
Pulse Deficit - ANS-An inefficient contraction of the heart the fails to transmit a pulse wave to
the peripheral pulse site.
Pulse Pressure - ANS-The difference between systolic and diastolic pressures. (BP 120/80 =
PP 40)
Pyrexia - ANS-Fever. When heat production out-paces heat loss.
Pyrogens - ANS-Any substance that alter the hypothalamic set point and trigger an increase in
body temperature. Certain bacteria and viruses can be pyrogens.
Radiation - ANS-Transfer of heat from one surface to another indirectly (without direct contact).
85% of the body's surface area radiates heat to the environment.
Shivering - ANS-An involuntary response to temperature differences in the body. Increases heat
production by 4 to 5 times.
Systolic Pressure - ANS-Peak pressure in the arterial system when heart contracts (first sound
heard when taking blood pressure, measure of pressure caused when ventricles contract and
blood is pushed out of heart)
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