BIOCHEMISTRY
Covalent bond
Forms when two or more atoms share one or more electrons
hydrogen bond
A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a
polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a
polar covalent bond in another molecule.
Polar bond
A bond that has a positive side and a negative side (unequal sharing of electrons)
solvent
A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances
cohesion
attraction between water molecules due to hydrogen bonding
adhesion
Bonding of water molecule to another substance ,this happens because hydrogen
bonds break and reform frequently
capillary action
tendency of water to rise in a thin tube
surface tension
Surface tension is a property of water, due to the cohesiveness of its molecules, that
allows organisms such as small insects to float and stride on its surface without
sinking. Barrier is formed on the surface of water because molecules cohesively stick
together, resisting an external source
macromolecule
large organic molecules found in living things
Composed from thousands of covalently bonded monomers
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
monomer
A single unit of a polymer, makes up polymers and macromolecules
polymer
A chain of many monomers, made up of monomers. Broken down by hydrolysis,
made by dehydration synthesis.
polymer vs. macromolecule
The term macromolecules refers to large molecules that are built from smaller
subunits. When all the subunits are of the same type the macromolecules are called
polymers and the subunits are monomers. When the subunits (monomers) are of
different types they are simply referred to as macromolecules.
Examples of polymers:
DNA: the monomers are all nucleotides
Proteins: the monomers are all amino acids
Carbohydrates: the monomers are all simple sugars
Example of macromolecule:
triglycerides (lipids): made of glycerol backbone and several fatty acid chains.
, So all polymers are macromolecules, but not all macromolecules are polymers!
hydrolysis
Process by which polymers are broken down into monomers by adding water
dehydration synthesis
Process by which polymers are created from joining monomers together, it releases
an H2O byproduct
polymerization
The process of joining monomers together to create larger and more complex
polymers such as macromolecules.
carbohydrate
CHO
RATIO 1:2:1
Mostly sugar and starches
major source of energy for the human body, used to store energy
Serves as structural support in organisms
monosaccharide
These are simple sugars that contain a single monomer. Formula: C6H12O6. Unique
structures, also known as structural isomers and stereoisomers because they have
the same chemical formula but combined differently
Examples of monosaccharides
glucose "blood sugar"
fructose "sugar in fruits and honey"
galactose "dairy"
disaccharide
A polymer with 2 chemically bonded monosaccharides. Bond between 2
monosaccharides in a disaccharide is a glycosidic bond (connects two monomers).
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