kilo - ✅✅-10^3
mega - ✅✅-10^6
giga - ✅✅-10^9
tera - ✅✅-10^12
c - ✅✅-10^-2
milli - ✅✅-10^-3
micro - ✅✅-10^-6
nano - ✅✅-10^-9
SI unit for time - ✅✅-second
a - ✅✅-annum (1 year)
age of the Earth - ✅✅-4.57 Ga
✅✅
time scale of build up and release of energy during natural disasters for
EARTHQUAKES - -years; minutes
✅✅
time scale of build up and release of energy during natural disasters for
VOLCANOES - -decades; days
✅✅
time scale of build up and release of energy during natural disasters for
HURRICANE - -months; days
✅✅
time scale of build up and release of energy during natural disasters for
THUNDERSTORMS - -hours; minutes
✅✅
time scale of build up and release of energy during natural disasters for ROGUE
WAVES - -hours; seconds
✅✅
time scale of build up and release of energy during natural disasters for
LANDSLIDES - -days; seconds
✅✅
time scale of build up and release of energy during natural disasters for METEOR
IMPACT - -millennia; seconds
,✅✅
time scale of build up and release of energy during natural disasters for TSUNAMI -
-minutes; hours
✅✅
time scale of build up and release of energy during natural disasters for FLOODS -
-hours; days
SI standard unit of distance - ✅✅-metre
SI unit standard of mass - ✅✅-kilogram
density - ✅✅-mass per unit volume (how much mass fits into a space); p or d
How is stratification linked to density? - ✅✅-stratification is the layering of
materials. Less dense materials float on top of denser materials.
layers of the atmosphere from top to surface of Earth - ✅✅-exosphere
thermosphere
mesophere
stratosphere
troposphere
layer of atmosphere with storms -✅✅-troposphere
how can the ocean layers be divided? - ✅✅-by availability of light
by ecological parameters
✅✅
layers of the Earth (from top down, based on chemical and physical characteristics) -
-lithosphere (solid, crust)
asthenosphere (plastic rock)
mesosphere (solid rock)
outer core (liquid metal)
inner core (solid metal)
layers of the Earth (from top down, based on density) - ✅✅-crust
mantle
core
order of magnitude -✅✅-power of ten
exponential curve - ✅✅-starts rising very slowly at first but increases faster and
faster
logarithmic scale - ✅✅-the ordinate (vertical axis) steps by powers of ten (orders of
magnitude)
,disaster scale(s) for EARTHQUAKES - ✅✅-Richter
Modified Mercalli
Moment Magnitude
disaster scale(s) for VOLCANOES - ✅✅-Volcano Explosivity Index
disaster scale(s) for WIND AND WAVES - ✅✅-Beaufort Scale
disaster scale(s) for HURRICANES - ✅✅-Saffir-Simpson Scale
disaster scale(s) for THUNDERSTORMS - ✅✅-dBZ
disaster scale(s) for TORNADOES - ✅✅-Fujita Scale
Torro Scale
disaster scale(s) for IMPACTS -✅✅-Torino Scale
more intense disasters occur _______________ - ✅✅-less frequently
return period (RP) - ✅✅-the average number of years between disaster events of
the same magnitude
RPm = time span of data record / number of cases of magnitude M
elements -✅✅-building blocks of our world
element - ✅✅-consists of identical atoms
atom - ✅✅-the smallest piece of an element, made of protons (+), neutrons
(neutral) and electrons (-)
nucleus - ✅✅-the center of an atom that holds the protons and the neutrons
atomic number - ✅✅-number of protons
atomic mass number - ✅✅-sum of protons + neutrons
isotopes - ✅✅-different versions of an element that have the same number of
protons but diff numbers of neutrons
hydrogen -✅✅-H, smallest atom, Aco water
helium - ✅✅-He, non-reactive (noble gas) made by fusion in sun
, carbon - ✅✅-C, aco most life forms on Earth, aco coal, graphite, diamonds
Nitrogen - ✅✅-N, Gco air, aco nitric-acid rain
Oxygen - ✅✅-O, Gco Earth's crust, 2nd Gco atmosphere, aco water, very reactive
sodium - ✅✅-Na, very reactive metal, aco salt in the ocean
magnesium - ✅✅-Mg, light metal, reactive, Aco the mineral dolomite, aco salt in
oceans
Aluminum - ✅✅-Al, a light metal used in cans, foil, aircraft, reactive, 3rd Gco
Earth's crust
✅✅-Si, a shiny silver-coloured semiconductor, 2nd Gco Earth's crust
silicon -
Phosphorus - ✅✅-P, aco phosphate fertilizers
Sulphur - ✅✅-S, yellow, burnt match smell, Aco sulfuric acid rain, aco salt in
oceans
chlorine -✅✅-Cl, very reactive (bleaches), aco salt in oceans
Argon - ✅✅-Ar, third most common gas in Earth's atmosphere
Potassium - ✅✅-K, very reactive metal, Aco salt in oceans
Calcium - ✅✅-Ca, aco limestone, bones, sea shells, salt in ocean
Titanium - ✅✅-Ti, a strong light metal
Manganese - ✅✅-Mn, a metal like iron
Iron - ✅✅-Fe, a strong metal, Gco Earth's core, Aco meteorites, can become
magnetic, 4th Gco Earth's crust
Iridium - ✅✅-Ir, rate element found in meteorites
top three most abundant elements in EARTH'S CORE - ✅✅-Iron (Fe), Nickel (Ni),
unknown
top three most abundant elements in EARTH'S CRUST - ✅✅-Oxygen (O), Silicon
(Si), Aluminium (Al)
