what electrolytes are effected by kidney failure? - ANS-increased serum and potassium,
magnesium, and phosphare
What does aldosterone promote - ANS-sodium retention and potassium excretion
- leads to fluid retention
what does ADH promote? - ANS-water reabsorption in the collecting duct
what is the difference between DI and SIADH? - ANS-DI: low ADH
- polyuria
- hypernatremia
- dehydrtion
SIADH: excess ADH,
- oliguria
-low urine output
-hyponatremia
what electrolytes to diuretics effect - ANS-sodium, potassium, and magnesium
describe potassium's effect on the heart - ANS-hypokalemia delays repolarization leading to AV
block and decreased skeletal muscle movement, potential respiratory arrest
hyperkalemia- shortened repolarization- fibrillation, muscle weakness, possible paralysis
, which electrolyte can be used to treat hyperkalemia and why? - ANS-calcium- it stabilizes
membrane potential
describe the effect of PTH on calcium - ANS-PTH pulls calcium from bone to increase amount in
plasma
describe the effect vitamin D has on calcium - ANS-VD increases calcium absorption in the
intestines
describe the effect magnesium has on calcium - ANS-magnesium blocks calcium uptake in cells
leading to smooth muscle relaxation- anticonvulsant
how does magnesium deficiency effect calcium - ANS-magnesium deficiency decreases PTH
release leading to hypocalcemia
what is the antitode for hypermagnesemia? - ANS-calcium gluconate
what is the effect that phosphorus has on calcium - ANS-it decreases plasma levels
what are the 2 ways to form carbonic acid? - ANS-CO2 and water from the lungs and H and
HCO3 from the kidneys
what is the kidneys response to acidosis? - ANS-they release hydrogen ions to preserve bicarb
what does acidosis with a normal anion gap indicate? - ANS-early renal failure
what does acidosis with elevated anion gap indicate - ANS-DKA and lactic acidosis
wha is a normal anion gap? - ANS-3-12
in general, what does acidosis vs alkalosis produce systemically - ANS-acidosis= depression
alkalosis= accelleration
which acid base imbalance is compensated by kussmaul breathing? - ANS-acidosis
what is the structure of a DNA nucleotide? - ANS-1) phosphoric acid
2) deoxyribose 5 carbon sugar
3) 1 of 4 nitrogenous bases
- purine: A and G
-pyrimidine: T (U), C
what sis a codon? - ANS-3 nucleotides together that encode for nucleic acids in the human
body
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