MCAT P/S HIGH YIELD
Baby Boomers - CORRECT ANSWER-The increasing share of the population over
the age of 65 primarily stems from the baby boomers - the post World War II
generation in the United States and Canada; Those born between 1946 and 1964
Conflict Theory - CORRECT ANSWER-Theory by Karl Marx that states that society
is in a permanent state of conflict due to competition for limited resources. Social
order is maintained by domination and power. Has thesis and antithesis. Causes
synthesis of new state.
e.g. "how exposure to environmental pollution and hazards is shaped by race and
class; how words play a role in reproducing and justifying conflict;"
Functionalism - CORRECT ANSWER-Emile Durkheim - approach that emphasizes
the contributions made by each part of society. E.g. grow from simple to complex
(e.g. human body)
Life Course Theory - CORRECT ANSWER-Aging is a social, psychological, and
biological process that begins from the time you are born till the time you die.
Age-based expectations no longer apply as they used to, as people now live longer.
Dissociative Disorder - CORRECT ANSWER-Selectively forgetting distracting
elements of his/her life. Frequently associated with trauma. Other symptoms include
feeling of detachment or out-of-body
Conversion Disorder - CORRECT ANSWER-You show psychological stress in
physical ways. For e.g. your leg may become paralyzed after you fall from a horse,
even though there was no real injury
Learning associated with reward-seeking motivation - CORRECT ANSWER-Operant
conditioning - it includes a change in behavior due to past outcomes
Latent Learning - CORRECT ANSWER-Learned behavior is not expressed until
required
Observational Learning - CORRECT ANSWER-Bandura - particularly imp. during
childhood. Learned through watching and imitating others - modeling actions of
another
Social Cognitive Theory - CORRECT ANSWER-Theory of behavior change that
emphasizes interactions between people and the environment. Unlike behaviorism,
where environment controls entirely, cognition is also important.
Bandura.
,Marginal Poverty - CORRECT ANSWER-State of poverty when a person lacks a
stable employment
Memory Schemas - CORRECT ANSWER-Organized clusters of knowledge; The
speed with which memory schemas are activated is presumed to indicate the
participant's implicit bias
Interference Theory - CORRECT ANSWER-Regarding human memory; when there
is an interaction between the new material and transfer effects of past learned
behavior (memory or thoughts that have a -ve influence on the comprehending of
new material)
Components of attitude - CORRECT ANSWER-ABC model of attitude -
Affective (emotional - I love yoga)
Behavioral (how we act or behave towards subject/object - I will go to yoga each
week)
Cognitive (form thoughts/beliefs/ideas, and knowledge - yoga makes me relax)
Observational Study - CORRECT ANSWER-Draws inferences from a sample of a
population where the independent variable is not under control of the researcher
because of ethical or logical constraints`
Drug with lowest risk of dependence - CORRECT ANSWER-Hallucinogens
This theory is most often associated with class based conceptions of society -
CORRECT ANSWER-Conflict Theory
Racialization - CORRECT ANSWER-i.e. ethnicization - process of ascribing ethnic or
racial identities to a relationship, social practice, or group that did not identify itself as
such
Social Stratification - CORRECT ANSWER-The arrangement or classification of
people into socioeconomic strata
Increase of this creates euphoria - CORRECT ANSWER-dopamine
Prejudice vs. Discrimination - CORRECT ANSWER-Prejudice are attitudes that
prejudge a group and are typically negative, not based on fact (e.g. sexist CEO
thinks women can't run companies).
Discrimination is ACTION (if CEO doesn't promote woman)
Random Assignment in studies - CORRECT ANSWER-If participants are equally
likely to be in either group, then that is random assignment; otherwise potential bias
, Social Loafing - CORRECT ANSWER-People are more productive alone than in a
group. Research also suggests that individuals are less critical and creative in a
group
Example of when participants act as their own control - CORRECT ANSWER-For
example, when participants take the same survey before and after a stimulus; they
are their own control here
Medulla Oblongata - CORRECT ANSWER-Helps regulate breathing, heart and
blood vessel function, digestion, sneezing, swallowing, etc.
Groupthink - CORRECT ANSWER-Occurs when situational pressures hinder groups
from critically evaluating relevant information. Power leader makes it more likely.
Groups affected wrongly believe that they have followed a sound decision making
process
Confirmation Bias - CORRECT ANSWER-As with groupthink, conf. bias causes an
individual to seek and attend to only that information that confirms his or her existing
point of view
Self Serving Bias - CORRECT ANSWER-+ve events to their own character, but -ve
events to external factors
Hindsight Bias - CORRECT ANSWER-"knew it all along"
Response Bias - CORRECT ANSWER-also called survey bias; tendency to answer
questions on a survey untruthfully or misleadingly. For e.g. they may feel pressure to
give answers that are socially acceptable
Alzheimer's Biological Systems - CORRECT ANSWER-Build up of AB (beta amyloid)
and NFT (neurofibrillary Tangle) proteins in certain brain areas like amygdala,
hippocampus, etc.
Double Blind Research - CORRECT ANSWER-A double-blind study is one in which
neither the participants nor the experimenters know who is receiving a particular
treatment.
Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) - CORRECT ANSWER-Cognitive behavioral
therapy (CBT) is a short-term, goal-oriented psychotherapy treatment that takes a
hands-on, practical approach to problem-solving. Its goal is to change patterns of
thinking or behavior that are behind people's difficulties, and so change the way they
feel
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