Section
populations genetics volvlen-seosystems
-
, ,
INHERITANCE
POPULATIONS IN ECOSYSTEMS
living in aa
ns a dinybrid : inherited characteristics dermined by 2 genes
biodiversity varteyotorganisms PEDIGREE ANALYSIS
:
gene : Short section of DNA that codes for a specific poplypepride chain
Loci= the position of a gene on a chromosome
offspring
meediagramscan Shunypesttamiymes a
fertile
·
of similar organisms that can reproduce to > -
species group :
me sam someone in = versions
individuaospeesin a habitat atinteractions
alle of the same genes
population all in
:
time
genotype-generic mone up of a n organism
adominant
proving wait tand have
·
"
characteristics as a result of genotype + environment
Phenotype = observable
in environments
of the bidicliving) + abiotic living) factors +
l
unaffected e an
ecosystem : al
me
some
-
awe s recessive wait
a
To
·
Interspecti differences between se proving a
-
variation are different
tow alldes
heterozygous :
x2 unaffected parents and an affected child
species
different ave l s of genes for
in
population dominant always expressed
: allee
proving a
e ex linked trait
generic diversity no of
-
: -
avele expressed
of all aweles for species in population recessive : only in homozygote more males are affected as remales act as carriers
wonangunawsamanismns
gene pool complete
no : ,
driving evolution multiple alleles : where a gene has more than 2 alleles affected females
·
+ affected son
Coodominant alleles which born contribute
: to the
phenotype if occur together -
autosomal linked
monohybrid cross : cross with 1 gene
generic males and remales astected equally , effected
·
mothers and unaffected sons
individa
environment : the surroundings where all organisms live abiotic/biotic
see
linkage-expressionofanave dependent o megender of me
carrying capacity population size of species that are supported
maximum
diploid organisms , the specic
:
climos community : mas amount for a given environments community
size ·
in a alleles at a locus may homolgous or netwozygous
be
Niche : role of organism in an ecosystem determined by adaptations to pioialabiotic factors maintain >
most organisms are diploid and corry 2alles for each gene they posses on each chromosome
-
to a
viable population size
excursion principle : species occupying same niche in an environment SEXLINKAGE
competitive
Biosphere :
regions of surface/atmosphere of earch which enclosed-elf contained ecosystems
2300 chromosome : Desclinke chromosome , where X chromosome is
larger than the Y
sizes ↳ X chromosome has more genes + DNA and cannot bivalate with the Y :: can't form homologous pairs .
variation in population
e e s linked waits are located on the X chromosome with mere
most equivilant
:Empumummmapical
aspian is locus on the Y :
-
abioric factors
remalls are carriers of 2 alleles of see linked gene but makes being no
only carry a
single a l e.
e
I
humidity 1 0 + species transpiration
water + , ↓ translocation , photosynmesis - remain uuersforaline
easts
caused by X linked recessive ander
,
linked disorders
,
~ most s e e are on
bioric factors :
parasites diseases predators competitions
, ,
chromosome
non-homologous
,
sec tions on X
individuals forresources inlimed sup carrying capay i
AUTOSOMA) LINKAGE
stugbetween
competion: and everyone
we navzamosomal
homogous chromosomes inherits 2 copies b a
-
,
7 TYPES OF COMPETITION ↑ talk about NS in questions It
genes are om
n e same autosomal .
chromosome
· interspecifibetweenindividuals samespecie
a
occupy samenin ap
niche overlaps
PEDIGREE ANALYSIS :
prove that a Wait is ,
↓ talk about impact of
dominant-dominant heterozygouswith
parents
e ch as
a
matnaveidenticanichestotanyoucomet arecessi
competition excursion on
principle
speci
animal that eats another animal
predator :
time lags , repeated > predator populations X linked makes more effected m a n females females : carriers attected momers > effected sons
cycles , prey
-
,
Oscillates
Describe graph for predator prey relationships
: ,
↑ Autosomal linked malest remales effected equary , affected mover t non-affected son
as preyt , + predatation survive
predators , " prey are eaten so more predators
prey↓ , more predatation
less prey eaten >
- starves
predator v ,
1. unlinked genes 2 different 1 Autosomal linked , without crossing over . Autosomal linked , with
on chromosomes 3
crossing over
biodiversitysloto predatorspreysamesea
dependan pops
.
relationships for
↓ complex
ecosystems
graph of
:
b
AaBbxAaBb -fa
79 : :
3
T
A 3 :
paronamatural S
- -- a
AB Ab aB ab xAB Ab aB ab B Bb b
estimationof whosquadsonketanses/soumovingormoil organs
- --
I
is
AB Ab aB ab
Ba
: random
AB AABB AABD AaBb AaBb
position of the
SECONDARY SUCCESSION : Natural disasters faste succession rate as soil maintained
, AaBb
AABb AAbb
,
Succession + spores remain . Ab chromosomes
nutrient cycles , needs
*
a
PRIMARY SUCCESSION !
TIME
wh
9 3:3 /
decompostion - photosynmesis Living
- N : :
,
-
-
UNLINKED EPISTASIS
recessive epistasis : if one gene has
it
2 recessive alleles
may result in an owner gene not
dominant epistasis : presence of one epistatic
dominant gene mashs the expression complimentaryepistasismepresence adominal
pha
a
being expressed I even if it has a of the other genes is
each gene =
dominant a l l
A
-
linear Enzyme 1 Enzyme 2
Spillway Enzyme 1 metabolic >
BY
/Enzymea
linear : > :
metabolic : Enzyme AtorAa pathway
AtorAa BB or
pathway AtorAa
BB ~Enzyme
I Phenotype =
genotype
.
-
Bare Roch Bb Phenotype = genotype
Erosion and pioneers decompose
min
Rock whire aaBB , aaBb , aabb
, Aabb
-
nostile Climass whire AAbb
green Aabb , AAbb
·
Inumus) and soil deepens community AbBb , AABB , AABb , AaBB
pioneer
Soil forms bure
·
sity Phenotype genotype
=
↓+ absent
.
+ gains mineral ions stabu
bure AaBb , AABB , AABb , AaBB aubd
biodiversity
·
final whire
AaBbxAaBb
· smaupansmptagatlichesstain eg
9
: +
established
·
Aabb, AAbb AaBb AABB
↓ + abrent
120algea inches
is · a
green Spillway
·
,
aaBb , aaBB
,
Enzyme 1 i
Natural sec tion : >
colonize by ·
↓ hostile AtorAa
Biodiversity
↑ as variety of food AaBbxAaBb ~
·
eg
photosynthetic a
+3 imit 2
:
Biodiversi
-
asescual reproduction Sources + habitats to support
more niches Enzyme 2
maneseeds a ·
·
↑ indest of
population
diversity
size
>
BB or Bb
X
tolerance
↑ species richness
Start 8 : 00
POPULATIONS EVOLUTION M
SPECIATION AYSomanespassontonetL E
genationandsome o bychan, ity GENETIDRIFT
:
-
this causes phenotypes to dissapear tomers more common , mist
as perfec n a
generic diversity and
mutations ; meosis random rusion of gamers Phencypevariationenable to adapt to senvironments > exclinchintion or evolution + Speciation
speciesexistasomomorepopulist
, -
· species
generic diversity SPECIATION Repeciation has occurred if evolution has I allele frequency so m u ch t h at individuals
:
occupying a particular place at a particular time increases
can no longer interbreed > service offspring
successfuly
-
that can
potentially .
interbreed
aspecies
~range otdistentve by :
> caused
behaviour al = different courtship patterns not recognized : Xmate
name a
HARDY WEINBERG
provides mathematical mode to predict that a l l l e freg
~.
speciescationinphenomesadapanons
~ as
prenorsaprantgenoe
.
·
a
will not change from generation to generation
.
↓ differential - selection pressures
populationsina
· large
set natural selection' reproductive
these factors
random assumptions
succes
· making directional , stabilising , disruptive
-competitiona
-
Alloparic
no
·
migration -
↓
evolution
:theYinbreedingpopulationaisulation
paichvinpeny
·
temp ·
p+ q =
1 p2 +
q2 + 2pq = /
I
gradual change in allele frequency - ·
pr
d t a given place t time)
in a populative ·
Food sources
drift
inansivedominativesAs ↓
genetic
can effects
·
geographical isolation prevents ge flow
evo t i o n
speciation random reproductive success
reproductive Isolation
·
Sympatric
inzenkatapenal organis :ocurswimout geographicalisdain
is
syparinogesanon
·
,
nations within a
population,
·
mutations prevents individuals breeding with non-mutant
individuals causing reproductive isolation
-
-
