Fundamentals Of Programming Chapter 1 & 2
Notes With Complete Solutions Latest Update
Hardware (PLEASE FINISH !!!) - correct answers the physical components that a computer
Note: All computer systems consist of similar hardware devices and software components.
A typical computer system consists of the following major components: - correct answers 1. The central
processing unit (CPU)
2. Main memory (random-access memory, or RAM)
3. Secondary storage devices
4. Input devices
5. Output devices
The CPU : - correct answers 1. The heart of the computer
2. The CPU's job is to fetch instructions, follow the instructions, and produce some result.
3. The CPU consists of two parts: the control unit and the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
The control unit : - correct answers coordinates all of the computer's operations
1. It is responsible for determining where to get the next instruction and regulating the other major
components of the computer with control signals
The arithmetic and logic unit : - correct answers is designed to perform arithmetical operations
,Program : - correct answers a sequence of instructions stored in the computer's memory.
- A program is a set of instructions a computer follows in order to perform a task.
-A programming language is a special language used to write computer programs.
What makes the computer so useful? - correct answers Quite simply, the computer can do such a wide variety
of tasks because it can be programmed.
-It is a machine specifically designed to follow instructions.
-Computers are designed to do whatever job their programs, or software, tell them to do.
Computer programmers do a very important job. - correct answers -They create software that transforms
computers into the specialized tools of many trades.
-Without programmers, the users of computers would have no software, and without software, computers
would not be able to do anything.
Computer programming is both an art and a science. - correct answers -It is an art because every aspect of a
program should be designed with care and judgment.
Listed below are a few of the things that must be designed for any real-world computer program: - correct
answers • The logical flow of the instructions
• The mathematical procedures
• The appearance of the screens
• The way information is presented to the user
• The program's "user-friendliness"
• Manuals and other forms of written documentation
,There is also a scientific, or engineering side to programming. (PLEASE REDO THIS ONE) - correct answers
Because programs rarely work right the first time they are written, a lot of experimentation, correction, and
rede- signing is required.
When a computer is running a program, the CPU is engaged in a process known formally as the : - correct
answers fetch/ decode/execute cycle
Fetch: - correct answers The CPU's control unit fetches, from main memory, the next instruction in the
sequence of program instructions
Decode: - correct answers -The instruction is encoded in the form of a number.
-The control unit decodes the instruction and generates an electronic signal.
Execute - correct answers -The signal is routed to the appropriate component of the computer (such as the
ALU, a disk drive, or some other device).
-The signal causes the component to perform an operation.
Random-access memory or RAM: - correct answers the computer's main memory is a device that holds
information.
-Specifically, RAM holds the sequences of instructions in the programs that are running and the data those
programs are using.
Memory : - correct answers is divided into sections, or cells, that each hold an equal amount of data.
, Each cell typically contains eight "switches" that may be either on or off. - correct answers A switch that is in
the on position usually represents the number 1, while a switch in the off position usually represents the
number 0.
The computer stores data by setting the switches in a memory cell to a pattern that represents a piece of
information. - correct answers Each of these switches is known as a bit, which stands for binary digit.
Each cell, which is a collection of eight bits, is known as a : - correct answers byte
Bytes are grouped together to make words. - correct answers On most computers a word contains four bytes.
Each word is assigned a unique number known as an : - correct answers address
-The addresses are ordered from lowest to highest.
-A word is identified by its address in much the same way a post office box is identified by an address.
RAM is usually a volatile type of memory, used only for temporary storage. - correct answers When the
computer is turned off, the contents of RAM are erased.
Secondary storage : - correct answers is a type of memory that can hold data for long periods of time—even
when there is no power to the computer.
Frequently used programs are stored in secondary memory and loaded into main memory as needed. - correct
answers Important information, such as word processing documents, payroll data, and inventory figures, is
saved to secondary storage as well
The most common type of secondary storage device is the disk drive. - correct answers -A disk drive stores
data by magnetically encoding it onto a circular disk.
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