Concise summary notes of GCSE edexcel Geography B, including diagrams, tables and pictures for easy understanding of content as well as case studies. This specific document covers topic 5 of the specification called the UK's evolving human landscape.
Introduction to the UK’s human landscape
Urban core regions= A densely Urban core Rural areas
populated central hub/location Population High and staying high (over 200ppl Low (1-100 ppl per km squared)
of politics, business, culture density per km2)
and education (usually in a Age structure Many young adults and single Many older people, only some
large town, city or megacity) people single people
Economic Retail, offices and cooperate HQs, Farming, fishing, forestry, mining
Rural periphery= An isolated activities many jobs in shops offices and Working from home
rural location outside the factories, Cultural centres w/ Renewable energies
urban core which lacks the libraries and museums
population, means and/or Settlement City, large town Market towns, villages, isolated
services to be a hub of political Mix of low- and high-rise buildings farms with low rise budlings
or business power Property often more expensive Property generally cheaper
Reducing regional disparities
-Periphery areas don’t receive the same level of EU grants for regional development->
investment that affluent urban core regions receive. -These are funds to help the poorest regions of the EU whose GDP is
-These areas face isolation and a lack of jobs below 75% of the EU average
-Most businesses set up in urban cities, where there -These grants and advice can help businesses start up and can allow the
is a large market of customers and good economy of a region to improve (e.g tourism grants)
opportunities for international trade -It supports UK regions by economic regeneration
-There have been some straggles by the UK and EU -In 2015, only Cornwall and North and west Wales qualitied
to encourage growth, without causing inequality
between areas Improvement to transport->
Enterprise Zones-> -Transport improvements are vital to rural regions for both people and
-Regions where the UK gov can give reduced taxes goods because they promote growth
& start-up costs paid for companies, to encourage -In England’s urban core, the HS2 railway links London, Birmingham,
businesses to set up here. Manchester and Leeds
-In 2015, there were 24 enterprise zones -Scotland’s government has invested in a new Borders railway as well
as a new Forth Bridge
The UK’s changing population
National migration International migration
Retirement migration -> -(1950s) As a result of a shortage of workers, the UK
-Older people decide to retire to a more rural part of the UK government encouraged immigration from former colonies
because of beautiful scenery, a slower pace of life, lower crime in the Caribbean, India and Pakistan to fill jobs in transport
rates and a sense of community and industries
-The south-west of England e.g Cornwall, Devon, Dorset attracts -(By 1971) 1 mil people had moved to the UK and they were
many retirement migrants. mostly young adults with young children, or young people
- The large increase in the number of older people, this -(1970s) there was no longer a shortage of labour so
increases pressure on health services and increases house prices immigration came under government control. The numbers
-Higher house prices cause young adults to move away as they arriving reduced and many moved to other cities
can’t afford a home, resulting in a shortage of young adults and -(2004) A period of economic growth of the EU meant that
children (changing the population structure) immigrants began to arrive from Eastern Europe (e.g
-But older people also create a demand for services which can Poland). The majority were young and when to cities where
create jobs locally (e.g specialist shops and social activities) they found jobs in industries of services
Rural to urban migration -> -(2014) 560,000 immigrants arrived in the UK
-Takes place when there are few job opportunities for people in -(2012-2015) many people fled from fighting in Syria and
their local area (rural, isolated areas) so they move to more Afghanistan and migrated to Birmingham and other cities
urban cities in search for better employment
Impacts of international migration
-e.g In isolated areas of North Wales farming is difficult
-Migrants settle in/around cities, providing a south of both
(marginal) because of steep slopes and thin soils. There are few
cheap or unskilled and skilled labour
job alternatives, so people move and as a result these areas are
-Migration to cities increases population density and puts
mostly concentrated with older people and primary sector jobs.
pressure on services
Counter-urbanisation-> -Many migrants are young/have families so this increases
-When people move away from cities to more rural areas this the number of children in an area
has an impact on the UK’s population geography -Migrants introduce their home culture, e.g cuisine and
-In 2014 more people left London than moved into it religious practices making it more multicultural
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