Exam (elaborations)
PCOL 838 EXAM 2 (1)
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Exam of 17 pages for the course NR 667 VISE at NR 667 VISE (PCOL 838 EXAM 2 (1))
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PCOL 838 EXAM 2Prevalence of Coronary Heart Disease - ANS-790,000 myocardial infarctions yearly
Stroke Prevalence - ANS-795,000 cerebrovascular accidents yearly
Sudden Cardiac Arrest - ANS-353,427 cases yearly
Prevalence of Atrial Fibrillation - ANS-6.1 million cases in the US
Prevalence of Heart Failure - ANS-5.7 million cases in the US
Prevalence of Valvular Disease - ANS-500,000 cases in the US
ABC's of Life - ANS-Airway, Breathing, Circulation essentials
Cardiac Output Formula - ANS-CO = HR x SV
Cardiac Output Range - ANS-Normal 4-7 L/min, 7200 L/day
Chronotropy - ANS-Speed of cardiac contraction
Inotropy - ANS-Strength of cardiac contraction
Lusitropy - ANS-Muscular relaxation aiding diastolic fill
Acute Coronary Syndrome - ANS-Continuum of severity from plaque rupture
Stable Angina Definition - ANS-Chest discomfort relieved by rest
Myocardial Oxygen Demand - ANS-Factors affecting oxygen supply and demand Coronary
Hypertrophy vs. Endothelial Stripping - ANS-Effects of stents on coronary arteries Cardiac
Myocyte Death - ANS-Troponin release due to lack of oxygen Stroke Volume Problems -
ANS-Various causes affecting cardiac output Heart Failure Types - ANS-Systolic (HFrEF)
,and Diastolic (HFpEF) dysfunction
Dilated Cardiomyopathy - ANS-Thinning heart muscle affecting relaxation
Hypertension Leading to HFpEF - ANS-Effects of hypertrophy on heart function
Cardiac Fibrosis - ANS-Deposits reducing cardiac electrical function
Cardiac Repair Techniques - ANS-Methods to improve heart muscle function
Bradycardia - ANS-Abnormally slow heart rate causes
Tachycardia - ANS-Abnormally fast heart rate causes
Beta Adrenergic Receptors - ANS-Roles of B1, B2, B3 receptors
Sudden Cardiac Death Etiology - ANS-Causes related to heart failure and ischemia
Cardiogenic Shock - ANS-Inadequate cardiac output for organ function
Endothelial cells - ANS-Single layer lining blood vessels, secretes growth regulators and
responds to changes.
Vascular smooth muscle cells - ANS-Regulates blood pressure and responds to stimuli.
Arteries - ANS-Carry blood away from the heart, stretch and recoil, resistance vessels.
Capillaries - ANS-Allow substance transfer, fluid and solute exchange.
Veins - ANS-Carry blood back to the heart, less smooth muscle than arteries, capacitance
vessels.
Lymphatics - ANS-Collect lymph from capillaries, drain excess fluid back to the vascular system.
MAP - ANS-Mean arterial pressure formula: 1/3*SBP + 2/3*DBP.
Cardiac output (CO) - ANS-Amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute. Systemic
vascular resistance (SVR) - ANS-Resistance to blood flow in systemic circulation.
Resistance (R) - ANS-Vessel diameter affecting blood flow resistance.
, Laminar blood flow - ANS-Smooth blood flow from high to low pressure, no
sound. Starling forces - ANS-Forces moving solute and solvent across capillary
walls.
Edema - ANS-Fluid build-up in tissues due to various causes.
Pulse pressure - ANS-Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure.
Arterial line - ANS-Invasive method to measure arterial pressure.
Korotkoff sounds - ANS-Sounds heard during non-invasive blood pressure measurement.
Vasodilator metabolites - ANS-Substances dilating vessels in active tissues.
Autoregulation - ANS-Tissue's ability to maintain blood flow during pressure changes.
Baroreceptors - ANS-Sensory receptors detecting changes in blood pressure. Vasoactive
hormones - ANS-Hormones affecting blood vessel tone and diameter. Vasodilators -
ANS-Substances causing blood vessel dilation.
Capacitance vessels - ANS-Veins with thin walls easily distended.
Vasoactive Substances - ANS-Regulate vascular tone in a paracrine manner
Endothelium - ANS-Secretes growth regulators and vasoactive substances
Prostacyclin - ANS-A vasodilator metabolite
Thromboxanes - ANS-Vasoconstrictor metabolites
Nitric Oxide - ANS-A vasodilator metabolite
Endothelins - ANS-Vasoconstrictor metabolites
Sympathetic Vasomotor System - ANS-Innervates vessels to constrict arterioles
Noradrenergic Stimulation - ANS-Increases force and rate of cardiac contraction
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