Exam 2 AMR Questions and Answers 100% CorrectExam 2 AMR Questions and Answers 100% CorrectExam 2 AMR Questions and Answers 100% CorrectExam 2 AMR Questions and Answers 100% CorrectExam 2 AMR Questions and Answers 100% Correct
Clinical Resistance - ANSWER-Multiple factors such as type of bacteria, ...
Exam 2 AMR Questions and Answers 100% Correct
Clinical Resistance - ANSWER-Multiple factors such as type of bacteria, infection site, antibiotic pharmacokinetics, and the immune response affecting clinical outcomes of antibiotic treatment
Antibiotic resistance is a term that is relative to antibiotic __________ that can kill bacteria in a ______________ - ANSWER-Concentration, petri dish
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) - ANSWER-A minimum concentration of an antibiotic required to completely inhibit bacterial growth
An infection is susceptible to treatment if _____________________ - ANSWER-The antibiotic MIC falls within a concentration that is non-toxic to humans
Clinical resistance - ANSWER-Manifested when the MIC of a specific antibiotic is toxic to humans and the infection can no longer be treated with that antibiotic
Bioinformatic analysis of bacterial genomes predicts that there are over _________ antibiotic resistant genes - ANSWER-13,000
Intrinsic resistance - ANSWER-- Natural-occurring resistance to antibiotics
- The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria makes them more resistant to more antibiotics than Gram-positive bacteria
-Bacteria that naturally produce antibiotics have an intrinsic ability to defend themselves
WHO Criterion 1 - ANSWER-The antimicrobial class is the sole, or one of limited available therapies, to treat serious bacterial infections in people Penicillinase - ANSWER-Enzyme that facilitates hydrolysis of beta-lactams rendering them ineffective at killing bacteria
Gram (-) bacteria evolved two strategies to induce beta-lactamases: - ANSWER-AmpG-AmpR-AmpC pathway and Two-component regulatory system (TCRS)
WHO Criterion 2 - ANSWER-The antimicrobial class is used to treat infections in people caused by either: (1) bacteria that may be transmitted to humans from nonhuman sources, or (2) bacteria that may acquire resistance genes from nonhuman sources
Critically important bacteria - ANSWER-Antimicrobial classes which meet both C1 and C2 are termed critically important for human medicine.
Important bacteria - ANSWER-Antimicrobial classes used in humans which meet neither C1 nor C2 are termed important for human medicine.
Prioritization criterion 1 - ANSWER-High absolute number of people, or high proportion of use in patients
with serious infections in health care settings affected by bacterial diseases for which the antimicrobial class is the sole or one of few alternatives to treat serious infections in humans.
Prioritization criterion 2 - ANSWER-High frequency of use of the antimicrobial class for any indication in human medicine, or else high proportion of use in patients with serious infections in health care settings,
since use may favor selection of resistance in both settings.
Prioritization criterion 3 - ANSWER-The antimicrobial class is used to treat infections in people for which there is evidence of transmission of resistant bacteria (e.g., non-typhoidal Salmonellaand Campylobacter
spp.) or resistance genes (high for E. coli and Enterococcus spp.) from non-human sources.
Highest priority - ANSWER-3 out of 3 prioritization criteria
High priority - ANSWER-2 out of 3 prioritization criteria Antibiotic inactivation - ANSWER-Enzymatic modification of antibiotics. Includes enzymatic degradation, enzymatic modification, and antibiotic inactivation by sequestration
Enzymatic degradation - ANSWER-Hydrolysis: Beta lactamases
Linearization: Cutting
Enzymatic modification examples - ANSWER-* Nucleotidylation: additional of nucleotides • Phosphorylation: phosphate group addition
• Glycosylation: attachment of a carbohydrate
• Acylation: addition of the acyl (RCO-) group
• Hydroxylation: addition of hydroxy (-OH) group
Two component regulatory system - ANSWER-A signaling cascade that allows a cell to sense the outside environment and response accordingly
__________ protect the beta lactam ring from beta lactamases - ANSWER-Bulky side groups
Amp-GRC pathway - ANSWER-Muropeptides, when freed by peptidoglycan, are transported to the cytoplasm by AmpG.
In the cytoplasm, NagZ enzyme removes the remaining NAG monosaccharide
The remaining N-Acetylmuramic acid oligo-peptide specifically interacts with Amp-R, which is a transcriptional regulator that is located upstream of Amp-C beta lactamase gene
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