What are phytonutrients? correct answers Chemical compounds made by plants that are beneficial to human health and help prevent various diseases.
What are the origins of phytonutrients? correct answers Glycolysis and photosynthesis
Why might it be a problem to look at isolated constituents of...
CNM Nutrition 1 - Semester 2 || A+ Verified Solutions.
What are phytonutrients? correct answers Chemical compounds made by plants that are beneficial to human health and help prevent various diseases.
What are the origins of phytonutrients? correct answers Glycolysis and photosynthesis
Why might it be a problem to look at isolated constituents of phytonutrients? correct answers This does not consider the synergistic interactions between phytonutrients of the whole plant, or account for energetic or traditional applications. In the whole form, AOs can recycle each other.
Isolated constituents may lead to side effects e.g. carotenoids like beta-carotenoid was found to worsen outcome of lung cancer patients when given in isolation.
What is the difference between primary and secondary metabolites? correct answers Primary - Necessary for the plant's survival e.g. carbohydrates, enzymes and chlorophyll.
Secondary - An adaptive response to the environment e.g. to deter predators or signals to attract pollinators.
What are the roles of secondary metabolites in the human body? correct answers - Function as AOs
- Regulate the cell cycle
- Increase detoxification of carcinogenic/toxic compounds
- Reduce DNA damage e.g. lycopene
- Mimic/interact with hormones and other body chemistry e.g. lignans in flaxseeds can support oestrogen levels when low
Why do organic plants have higher phytonutrient levels? correct answers They have to do more to protect themselves in their environment as they don't get support from pesticides and fertilisers etc.
What is a chemotype? correct answers A chemically distinct entity of plant with differences in composition of the secondary metabolite.
Name 5 reasons for differences in phytonutrients in plants. correct answers - Chemotype
- Soil and water conditions
- Climate
- Seasonal cycles
- Predators e.g. other insects, humans and animals etc
Name a toxic phytochemical that might be harmful if ingested raw or in the wrong dose. correct answers Morphine, vinblastine (from African violets), digoxin
Name two alkaloids from the nightshade family that have anticholinesterase activity. correct answers Solanine and chanonine What does anticholinesterase do? correct answers Blocks the activity of the enzyme that breaks acetylcholine down
Why can caffeine be toxic in high doses? correct answers Strong effect on cognition, blood pressure, sleep and endurance
What are phytates? correct answers Phytonutrients found in grains, beans and legumes that may prevent the absorption of key minerals e.g. iron, zinc and calcium - need to consume in high quantities for this to be a thing!
Name the five classifications of phytonutrients. correct answers - Terpenes
- Alkaloids
- Phenols and polyphenols
- Phytosterols
- Organosulphur compounds
* Think 'TAPPO'
Name the six classifications of phenols and polyphenols correct answers - Flavanoids
- Phenolic acids
- Lignans
- Stilbenes
- Quinones
- Tannins
* Fat Pigs Like Sitting (on) Quick Turtles
Name the six flavanoid classifications. *think FFFFIA correct answers - Flavanols
- Flavones
- Isoflavones
- Flavanones
- Anthocynanins
- Flavonols
Which fruits or vegetables are rich in flavonoids and what colour are they typically? correct answers Blueberries, blackberries, red cabbage, aubergines etc
Blue, black, purple
Which fruits or vegetables are rich in chlorophyll and what colour are they typically? correct answers Kale, spinach, avocado, watercress, cucumber etc
Green!
Which fruits or vegetables are rich in lycopene and what colour are they typically? correct answers Tomatoes, red pepper, guava, watermelon
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