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chapter 18 respiration biology OCR A notes
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chapter 18 respiration biology OCR A notes
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18 RESPIRATIONHow is ATP used?
- As ATP is broken down , it gives off usable energy to power chemical work +
gives off some non usable energy as heat
O - oxidation
I - is
L - loss of electrons
R - reduction
I - is
G - gain of electrons
1) Glycolysis - 18.1
- First stage of aerobic respiration
- Happens in cytoplasm
- = break down of glucose
1) Glucose gets 2 phosphate groups donated from atp’s → becomes hexose
bisphosphate ( 2 atp’s become 2 Adp’s)
2) Hexose bisphosphate → split into 2 → 2 triose phosphate ( lysis)
3) A random inorganic phosphate from cytoplasm added onto other ends of
both TP → turns into triose bisphosphate ( very unstable) → converted
into 2 pyruvate → transported to mitochondrial matrix by active
transport via specific protein carriers for aerobic respiration
, How does triose bisphosphate turn into pyruvate?
- phosphate groups on either side are collected by 2 adp’s on either side to
make atp
- Also During so , NAD enzyme steals H atom from triose bisphosphate →
this reduces NAD
What is substrate level phosphorylation?
- = ATP production without the use of electron transport chain and ATP
synthase. ADP is phosphorylated by an unstable intermediate to form ATP
Product of glycolysis?
- 2 pyruvate - link to krebs
- Net gain of 2 ATP
- 2x reduced NAD - involved in oxidative ( each reduced nad can make 3 atp
molecules)
2) Link reaction 18.2
- ( mitochondrial matrix)
- Pyruvate (3C) → acetyl coenzyme A (2C) ( carbon lost and makes
co2) (DECARBOXYLATION)
- The nad comes in again and steals hydrogen from pyruvate → reduced
NAD + pyruvate looses H so it becomes oxidised ( OXIDATIVE
DECARBOXYLATION)
- Also coenzyme A joins pyruvate → acetyl coenzyme A( this is to help
stabilise it before going into next cycle)
Mitochondria structure
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