Lecture notes
Pearson Edexcel - GCSE History - Germany
Pearson Edexcel GCSE/iGCSE History notes for topic: Germany . These notes helped me secure a 9/A* in my GCSEs.
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Germany 1919 – 1945• The end of World War One
- Treaty of Versailles (Reaction in Germany)
- The Effects of the war on Germany
• The establishment of the Weimar Republic
- The abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm
- The Weimar Republic (Strengths and weaknesses, Chancellors)
- Spartacist uprising (Left wing German parties, Failure)
- Kapp Putsch (Right wing German parties, Failure)
- The invasion of the Ruhr (Effects)
- Hyperinflation (Causes, Effects)
• The recovery of Germany
- Gustav Stresemann’s domestic improvements (The Great Coalition
Government, Rentenmark, The Dawes plan, Limitations of the economic
recovery, Young plan)
- Gustav Stresemann’s international improvements (Locarno Pact, League
of Nations, Kellogg-Briand pact)
• The rise of Hitler and the Nazis
- Hitler and the German Workers’ Party (Origins of the Nazi party, Changes
to the Nazi party, Hitler’s role in the Nazi party, The origins of the
Sturmabteilung)
- The Munich Putsch (Causes, Events, Results)
- The reorganisation of the Nazi party (Mein Kampf, Limited support for the
Nazi party)
- The Great Depression (Wall street crash, Effects on the German people,
Effects on Weimar Germany)
- Hitler’s rise to Chancellor (Reasons, 1932 elections, Franz Von Papen, Von
Schleicher and Hindenburg)
,• Nazi Germany
- Setting up dictatorship (Reichstag fire, 1933 election, Enabling Act –
Effects –, Night of the Long Knives, Führer)
- Nazi methods of control (Terror and police state – The SS, Gestapo,
Concentration camps, Informers –, Censorship, Propaganda, Nazi policies
towards women, Nazi policies towards young people – Education, Nazi
youth movements)
- Nazi domestic policies (The church – Protestant, Catholic –, Nazi racial
policies – Jewish prosecution –, Kristallnacht)
- Nazi policies to reduce unemployment (Economic plans, Reducing
unemployment, The German Labour Front, Limitations)
• Germany during World War Two
- Nazi policies towards the Jews (Ghettos, Death squads, Keeping it a
secret)
- Germany during the war (Evacuation, Rationing, Total War, Allied
bombing – Effects –, The changing role of women)
- Growth of opposition to Hitler (The Swing Youth, The Edelweiss pirates,
The white rose group, The July bomb plot, the extent of opposition to the
Nazis, The end of the Third Reich)
, The End of World War One
The Treaty of Versailles
• The armistice was signed in November 1918
• As the defeated nation, Germany was expected to be punished
• However, it was hoped that the peace treaty would not be too harsh
• Most Germans believed that they had been forced into the war and that all
the countries involved should take responsibility
• The Germans hoped that the Allies might want to give the new German
government a chance to restore stability by making the treaty less harsh
• The President of the USA, Woodrow Wilson, was keen to make the treaty
fair because he thought that Harsh terms would lead to German bitterness
and long-term desire for revenge
• In January 1918, Wilson produced a list of ‘Fourteen Points’ and the
Germans expected a new treaty based on this list
- The ‘Fourteen Points’ was a statement for principles of peace that was to
be used for peace negotiations to end World War One
• However, the Allies were not as quick to ‘forgive and forget’
, France’s Stance
• George Clemenceau, the prime minister of France, was determined to make
Germany pay for the terrible destruction that had occurred in France during
the War
• Clemenceau also wanted to weaken the German armed forces, so that
France would not have to fear another attack from Germany
• France lost 5% of its total population due to World War One
• ⅔ of the French army was killed or injured during World War One
Britain’s Stance
• David Lloyd George, the British prime minister, was keen to avoid a peace
settlement that might lead to another war in the future
• However, George also had reason to make sure Germany was not let off
lightly
- In December 1918, his government had won an election in Britain
- George’s campaign promised to ‘Squeeze the German lemon until the
pips squeak’
• The British Empire lost nearly 1 million men during the war
Land that Germany Lost due to the Treaty of Versailles
- Alsace and Lorraine were lost to France
- Eupen and Malmedy were lost to Belgium
- Posen and West Prussia were lost to Poland
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