Which of the following definitions of paradigm is correct?
a. A way of linking the naturalistic world to empirical thought
b. Philosophical beliefs that influence the way people in a society think about the world
c. A model that captures the interaction of specific variables within a known conce...
Which of the following definitions of paradigm is correct?
a. A way of linking the naturalistic world to empirical thought
b. Philosophical beliefs that influence the way people in a society think about the world
c. A model that captures the interaction of specific variables within a known concept
d. A concept that encompasses the integration of "wholeness," spirituality, and personal worth
into scientific thought - ANS b. Philosophical beliefs that influence the way people in a
society think about the world
Which of the following is the correct definition of theory?
a. The assumptions and beliefs of the "worldview" of the researcher
b. A set of interrelated concepts that provides a systematic view of a phenomenon
c. The specific and measurable premise or assumption based on which the rationale for
research direction is established
d. A researcher's "best guess" of the expected direction of the relationship between independent
and dependent variables - ANS b. A set of interrelated concepts that provides a
systematic view of a phenomenon
During a class examination, the course instructor notes that a student who usually does poorly
in class tests has shaking hands, knocks over a bottle of water, breaks the points of two pencils,
makes many erasures, and wrinkles her computer score sheet. The instructor concludes that
the student has test anxiety. What type of reasoning is demonstrated by the instructor?
a. Inductive reasoning
b. Deductive reasoning
c. Theoretical reasoning
d. Faulty reasoning - ANS a. Inductive reasoning
What is the major difference between inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning?
a. Inductive reasoning is theory driven, and deductive reasoning is independent of theory.
b. Deductive reasoning forms the basis for qualitative research, and inductive reasoning forms
the basis for quantitative research.
c. Deductive reasoning is an unconscious approach in which intuition, rather than logical, is the
key feature, whereas inductive reasoning encompasses a more logical and systematic approach
to problem identification.
,d. Inductive reasoning starts with observed details that lead to a general structure or picture,
whereas deductive reasoning begins with a structure or picture that guides the search for
associated details. - ANS d. Inductive reasoning starts with observed details that lead to a
general structure or picture, whereas deductive reasoning begins with a structure or picture that
guides the search for associated details.
How are theory and practice interrelated?
a. Practice is the operational definition of theory.
b. Practice provides the opportunity to test theory.
c. Theory provides the evidence on which practice is based.
d. Theory generates questions that are used to refine practice. - ANS b. Practice provides
the opportunity to test theory.
Which of the following research questions reflects an inductive approach to scientific inquiry?
a. Is there a difference in infection rates among patients with neutropenia who eat from dishes
cleaned with automatic dishwashers as compared with patients with neutropenia who eat from
dishes that are hand washed?
b. Do older adults residing in assisted-living settings have more social interaction than do older
adults residing in their own homes?
c. What is the relationship between self-esteem and loneliness in recently widowed women over
60?
d. What is the experience of parents when their child is born more than 10 weeks preterm? -
ANS d. What is the experience of parents when their child is born more than 10 weeks
preterm?
In an article reporting the results of a qualitative study that used inductive reasoning methods,
where is the conceptual framework usually presented?
a. Introduction
b. Methods
c. Statistical Analysis
d. Discussion - ANS d. Discussion
n an article reporting the results of a quantitative study that used deductive reasoning methods,
where is the conceptual framework usually presented?
a. Introduction
b. Methods
c. Statistical Analysis
d. Discussion - ANS a. Introduction
, Which of the following sequences represents movement from a greater level of abstraction to a
more concrete relationship between concepts?
a. Concepts, theory, hypothesis
b. Theory, hypothesis, concepts
c. Hypothesis, concepts, theory
d. Hypothesis, theory, concepts - ANS a. Concepts, theory, hypothesis
How is a model related to a concept or concepts?
a. A model tests conceptual theories.
b. A concept defines the purpose of a model.
c. A model demonstrates the relationships among or between concepts.
d. Concepts generate the theoretical basis for knowledge depicted in a model. - ANS c. A
model demonstrates the relationships among or between concepts.
What is the purpose of a conceptual model?
a. To move concepts from a concrete frame of reference to a more abstract one
b. To move concepts from an abstract frame of reference to a more concrete one
c. To reduce the abstraction of an operational definition
d. To allow testing of grand theories - ANS b. To move concepts from an abstract frame of
reference to a more concrete one
A theory would be described as
a. prediction of the outcomes of a study.
b. an image that represents an abstract idea.
c. set of interrelated concepts that can explain a phenomenon.
d. a general framework to identify factors related to a phenomenon. - ANS c. set of
interrelated concepts that can explain a phenomenon.
When critiquing a research article, what is the most important issue the reader should consider
about the concepts of the study?
a. The theoretical interrelatedness of the concepts
b. Whether the study is qualitative or quantitative in nature
c. The specific meanings the researcher has ascribed to the study concepts
d. An in-depth understanding of the grand theory that underpins the study concepts - ANS
c. The specific meanings the researcher has ascribed to the study concepts
What is commonly referred to as scientific knowledge?
a. Ethical
b. Personal
c. Aesthetic
d. Empirical - ANS d. Empirical
How are theoretical and conceptual frameworks different?
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