A thoroughly summarised revision tool to understand cardiovascular medicine.
Key features include:
1. Most common conditions such as diabetes, hypothyroidism, Cushing's disease, Addison's disease and more.
2. Pathophysiology and clinical presentation including buzzwords tailored for exam prep...
Endocrine Conditions
Thyroid Hormones
Thyroid hormones are responsible for the body’s metabolism: T3, T4 and calcitonin
T3 is the active thyroid hormone, whereas T4 is largely inactive – but can get
transformed into T3 by certain organs in the body
Calcitonin is the hormone that aids in the regulation of calcium levels (through
decrease) but impact metabolism nevertheless
Regulation (negative-feedback)
- Hypothalamus releases TRH (thyroid releasing hormone)
- Pituitary gland stimulated to release TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
- TSH triggers thyroid to produce T4 (80%) and T3 (20%)
- Iodine is also needed in adequate amounts to form these hormones
- When T3 and T4 levels increase – TRH is inhibited
- When T3 and T4 levels decrease – the loop is initiated again
Thyroid function tests
, Hyperthyroidism: Grave’s Disease
Definition The overactivity of thyroid gland = excess thyroid hormone production
Epidemiology
Aetiology Autoimmune disorder
- Antibodies stimulate TSH receptors
= hyperproliferation of thyroid hormones
= hyperplasia of the thyroid gland
Risk Factors - Family history/past medical history of autoimmune disorder
Risk Factors
Symptoms - Brittle hair
- Dry/thick skin
- Loss of outer 1/3 eyebrow (Queen Anne’s sign)
- Cold intolerances
- Puffy face
- Goitre
- Fatigue
- Depression
- Constipation
- Weight gain
- Mental slowness
Signs
Investigations Bloods:
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