Summary notes for Alevel Edexcel psychology- learning approach. Notes consist of A01, A02, A03 and Ao3CA points. Description of point, evidence for point, evaluation and evaluation of the counterargument. Summary points include required studies and led to me achieving an A in Alevel Psychology.
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o NS- [stimulus with no response] UCS- [NS turns into UCS producing a UCR] UCR, CS
[unnatural/neutral trigger] , CR
o Stimulus generalisation -stimulus similar to conditioned stimulus will cause a conditioned
response
o Stimulus discrimination – response will occur only to specific conditioned stimulus
o Extinction –when the conditioned stimulus returns to being a neutral stimulus
o Spontaneous recovery- when the conditioned response reappears
o Learned helplessness- conditioned to respond to association even without stimulus
o Aversion therapy- force unpleasant associations to change behaviour
o First order conditioning- [bell=food]
o Second order conditioning- [bell+buzzer =food, just buzzer=response]
o Backwards conditioning- ucs[food] presented before cs[bell]
o Forwards conditioning- cs/ns[bell] presented before ucs[food]
o Spontaneous conditioning- cs [bell] and ucs [food] presented at same time
A03
o Little Albert study- associated loud noise with rat causing a conditioned response of fear to
rats
o Pavlov’s dogs 1927- association between food and bell can cause conditioned response of
salivating in response to bell- interrater reliability [repeated with different dogs and ns]
o High scientific credibility [standardised]
A03CA
o Munjack 1984- ½ people with driving fear had previous experience yet not all accidents
result in fears
o Generalising dog => human
o Low ecological conditions [little albert + pavlovs dogs]
Operant conditioning- learning by consequence
A01
o Contingency- reward must be linked to behaviour
o Contiguity- consequence must occur straight after behaviour
o Positive reinforcement- repeat behaviour to get desirable consequences
o Negative reinforcement- take away negative consequence by changing behaviour
o Positive punishment- e.g hitting dog to prevent behaviour
o Negative punishment- remove something they want to change behaviour e.g ignoring dog
when it barks
o Avoidance learning- avoid situation
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