BBH 101 Exam 2 PSU
### Classifications of Risk Factors
1. Modifiable/Controllable: - Factors that individuals can change or influence (e.g., lifestyle choices such as diet, exercise, smoking,
and alcohol consumption).
2. Non-modifiable/Non-controllable: - Factors that cannot be changed (e.g...
- Factors that individuals can change or influence (e.g., lifestyle choices such as diet, exercise, smoking,
and alcohol consumption).
2. Non-modifiable/Non-controllable:
- Factors that cannot be changed (e.g., genetics, age, family history).
### Major Risk Factors for Diseases
- Age:
- A significant risk factor for major diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and
Alzheimer's. Age accounts for 90% of deaths in industrialized nations.
### Risk Factors Based on Sex
- Men:
- Generally have a higher risk of developing cancer and coronary heart disease compared to women.
Contributing factors include:
- Behavioral reasons (riskier behaviors, alcohol, and smoking).
- Less likelihood of seeking medical help or reporting health issues.
### Risk Factors Based on Family History
- Hereditary Diseases:
- Some diseases have a clear genetic component, such as Huntington's Disease, where about 90% of
cases are inherited.
- Lifestyle Choices:
- Early life environment and lifestyle choices are often influenced by family members.
### Types of Prevention
,1. Primary Prevention:
- Efforts to prevent disease from occurring in the first place (e.g., vaccinations, health education).
2. Secondary Prevention:
- Early detection and screening for diseases in individuals who are not yet aware they are sick.
3. Tertiary Prevention:
- Interventions that occur after the disease has been diagnosed, aimed at reducing harm and
improving health outcomes.
### Health Behavior Models
1. Health Belief Model:
- Decision-making about health is influenced by:
- Perceived susceptibility to a health issue.
- Perceived severity of the health threat.
- Perceived benefits of taking action.
- Perceived barriers to action.
2. Theory of Planned Behavior:
- Behavioral intentions can predict the likelihood of change based on:
- Attitudes toward the behavior.
- Influence of societal norms.
- Perception of control over the behavior.
3. Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change):
- Stages individuals typically go through in behavior change:
- Precontemplation: Not yet acknowledging the need for change.
- Contemplation: Acknowledging the problem but not yet ready to change.
- Preparation: Planning for change.
, - Action: Actively modifying behavior.
- Maintenance: Sustaining changes over time.
- Relapse: Returning to old behaviors (sometimes occurs).
### Health Promotion
- Definition: Efforts aimed at helping individuals change their lifestyle to achieve optimal health.
- Involves giving individuals control over their health and modifying public policy to support healthy
choices.
- Often referred to as "behavioral social science."
### Understanding Stress
- Definition:
- A negative emotional experience that includes predictable biochemical, physiological, cognitive, and
behavioral changes directed toward either altering the stressful event or accommodating its effects.
### Key Figures
1. Claude Bernard:
- Advocated for reductionism in studying biological systems, emphasizing the need for balance in
physiological processes.
2. Walter Cannon:
- Coined the terms homeostasis (the body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions) and fight-or-
flight response (the body's physiological reaction to perceived threats).
Talked about both physical and emotional health (psychological)
Hans Selye ✔️Endocrinologist- studied rats by injecting them with hormones
Developed the concept of General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)- first experience stress they are
susceptible to harm
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