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Immunology HMX – Questions With Correct Solutions
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Immunology HMX – Questions With Correct Solutions
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Immunology HMX – Questions With Correct SolutionsMicrobes Right Ans - virus, bacteria, protozoans, multicellular parasite
Commensal microorganisms Right Ans - a microorganism that habitually
lives on or in the human body; one that normally causes no disease or harm
and can be beneficial
Circulating leukocytes Right Ans - neutrophils, monocytes
Tissue-resident sentinel cells Right Ans - macrophages, mast cells,
dendritic cells
-release pro-inflammatory cytokines
-all have innate receptors
Neutrophils Right Ans - have innate immune receptors, activation leads to
internalization of microbe and receptor; short life span, die by apoptosis; most
abundant WBC
Monocytes Right Ans - turn into macrophages in tissue that can eat dead
cells and neutrophils
Dendritic cell Right Ans - -antigen presenting cell
-secrete cytokines after microbe binds to innate receptor
Mast cell Right Ans - degranulate and release inflammatory mediators like
histmine
-important in allergy
Macrophages Right Ans - phagocytize foreign substances, secrete
cytokines, eat neutrophils
Leukocytes Right Ans - Known as white blood cells (WBCs), there are five
kinds in two groups: granulocytes & agranulocytes
Lymphocytes Right Ans - NK, T cells, b cells
-originate from common lymphoid progenitor
,innate immunity characteristics Right Ans - react quickly, in same exact
way for repeat infection, present before infection
-cause inflammation
-limited number of microbes it can respond to
adaptive immunity characteristics Right Ans - -specific
-systemic-travel continuously through body
-has memory
-late responders
-response due to recognition of a specific antigen
Process of innate inflammatory response Right Ans - 1. mirobes enter
tissue and sentinel cells recognize and bind, release cytokines
2. cytokines bind to endothelium and increase expressing of adhesion
molecules on lumen side
3. circulating leukocytes attach to adhesion molecules and are released into
tissue
4. phagocytic cells kill
5. homeostasis restored
Neutrophil-Endothelium Interaction Right Ans - -ICAM-1 on endo binds to
LFA-1 on neutrophil=stable arrest
-E-selection on endo binds to e-selectin ligand on neutrophil=lower affinity,
rolling
adhesion molecules on endothelium Right Ans - ICAM-1 and E-selection
adhesion molecule ligands on leukocytes Right Ans - LFA-1 and e-selectin
ligand
pus Right Ans - -fluid
-live and dead neutrophils
-DNA from neutrophils
-bacteria
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) Right Ans - molecules
that are common on pathogens but not expressed in vertebrate cells
, Bacteria common PAMPs Right Ans - flagellin
-Gram +: lipopolysaccharide
-gram -: peptidogylcans, teichoic acids
viral PAMPs Right Ans - ssRNA, dsRNA, dsDNA
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) Right Ans - receptors on cell surface
and in endosome that bind PAMPs and activate immune response
-Toll-like receptors (TLRs) most common
PAMPs and PRRs Right Ans - Microbes contain and release PAMPs —>
activate PRRs of innate cells→ production of cytokines OR activate the
antiviral state
endosomal TLRs Right Ans - specific for nucleic acids
-activate pathway to induce type 1 interferon secretion
-antiviral state!
Anti-viral state process Right Ans - 1. viral molecules bind to endosomal
TLR on pDCs
2. binding signals for phosphorylation of transcription factors that go to
nucleus to produce IFN genes
3. Type 1 IFNs released, trigger IFN receptors on neighboring cells to induce
synthesis of protective proteins
4. antiviral state induced
*protective proteins in all cells, but only cells with dsRNA from virus will die
plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) Right Ans - sentinel cell that detects
viruses and releases type 1 IFN
Type 1 Interferon (IFN) Right Ans - cytokines that activate antiviral state
Cell surface TLRs Right Ans - activate NF-kb pathway to induce the
transcription of proinflammatory cytokine genes
-specific for extracellular PAMPs
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