Tsar bomb
~ Largest fusion bomb (3500x Hiroshima)
Solar flare
~ Eruption of charged particles caused by Sun's magnetic field due to rotation of
material and energy inside Sun
Solar cycles
~ Every however many years there are solar highs were there is more stuff
happening, e.g. you can see ...
✓✓✓✓~ Some metals enriched and concentrated during magma cooling, heavy minerals
crystallize early and concentrate at bottom of magma chamber (e.g. chromite, iron,
magnetite)
Porphyry orebodies
✓✓✓✓~ Magmatic and hydrothermal (hot water) - form as liquid and gas volatiles change
chemical state and change saturation limit for sulphide minerals
Copper porphyry
, ✓✓✓✓~ Cyclical magmatic intrusion with alteration by volcanic waters
Volcanic deposits
✓✓✓✓~ Violent kimberlite eruptions bringing diamonds from upper mantle to surface
Epithermal volcanic deposits
✓✓✓✓~ Near surface deposits precipitated from hot volcanic waters
What causes different ore types?
✓✓✓✓~ Interaction with temperature, pressure, volatile gases, and solution as magma rises
Hydrothermal deposits associated with igneous activity
✓✓✓✓~ Hot groundwater dissolves metals in the presence of salts and hydrothermal fluids
move along fractures, cool, and deposit them as orebodies
Black smokers - type of hydrothermal deposit
✓✓✓✓~ Seawater gushes from seafloor near spreading centres and precipitates
volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits - deformed by tectonics
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