NURS 316 - Unit 3 - Immunity & the Immune System Review Questions and Correct Answers
10 views 0 purchase
Module
NUR 316
Institution
NUR 316
Immunity state of having sufficient biological defences to avoid infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion
Innate immunity non-specific barriers or eliminators of pathogens
Adaptive immunity specific immunity or acquired immunity, acts through specifically recognizing a pathogen t...
NURS 316 - Unit 3 - Immunity & the
Immune System Review Questions and
Correct Answers
Immunity ✅state of having sufficient biological defences to avoid infection, disease, or
other unwanted biological invasion
Innate immunity ✅non-specific barriers or eliminators of pathogens
Adaptive immunity ✅specific immunity or acquired immunity, acts through specifically
recognizing a pathogen that has breached innate immunity
Protective cells in skin ✅keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhan's
Merkel's
Chief cells produce ✅pepsinogen
Parietal cells produce ✅hcl & intrinsic factor
Granulocytes ✅neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Agranulocytes ✅lymphocytes and monocytes
Basophil ✅release histamines that cause inflammation
Eosinophil ✅kills parasites with oxidative burst
Neutrophil ✅Phagocytize bacteria and fungi
Monocyte ✅precursor to macrophage
Lymphocyte ✅Natural killer cells (kill cancer and virus-infected cells)
B cell (antibodies)
T cells
Most common WBC in blood ✅neutrophils
Least common WBC in blood ✅Basophils, unless there is an allergic reaction
,Phagocytic leukocytes ✅neutrophils and eosinophils in blood
Monocytes --> macrophages in tissues
Step 1 of Phagocytosis ✅Chemotaxis and adherence of microbe to phagocyte; when
infection occurs, phagocytes move towards the chemical signals through chemotactic
factor-induced pseudopod extension and retraction. Signals include: N-formyl-
methionine peptides (bacteria), clotting system peptides (trauma), cytokines
(macrophages located near infection site)
Step 2 of Phagocytosis ✅Ingestion of microbe by phagocyte; activation by attachment
to pathogens. Opsonins (molecules that act as a binding enhancer) such as C3b of the
complement system, and antibodies can act as attachment sites and aid phagocytosis
Step 3 of Phagocytosis ✅Engulfment; Formation of phagosome; facilitated by actin-
myosin contractile system
Step 4 of Phagocytosis ✅Fusion of phagosome with lysosome to form a
phagolysosome; lysosome contains digestive enzymes (acid hydrolases) to degrade
four major groups of organic macromolecules; formation of phagolysosome leads to
degradation of ingested materials
Step 5 of Phagocytosis ✅Digestion of ingested microbe by enzymes
Step 6 of Phagocytosis ✅Formation of residual body containing indigestible material
Step 7 of Phagocytosis ✅Discharge of waste materials
Natural Killer cells ✅type of cytotoxic lymphocyte that are activated by and kill
abnormal host cells, like tumour cells and host cells infected by viruses or intracellular
bacteria.
Activated NK cells release:
Perforin - disrupts plasma membrane
Granzymes - proteases that cause target cell to die
5 signs of inflammation ✅redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function
Steps of Inflammation ✅Following tissue damage:
Vasodilation & increased blood vessel permeability
1. Chemicals (histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes) are released by
damaged cells
2. Blood clot forms
3. Abscess starts to form
Phagocyte migration & phagocytosis
, 4. Margination - phagocytes stick to endothelium
5. Emigration - phagocytes squeeze between endothelial cells
6. Phagocytosis of invading bacteria
Tissue Repair
Steps of Fever caused by Gram (-) bacteria ✅1. Macrophage ingests a gram (-)
bacterium
2. Bacterium is degraded in vacuole, releasing endotoxins that induce the macrophage
to produce IL-1
3. IL-1 is released by the macrophage into the bloodstream, through which it travels to
the hypothalamus of the brain
4. IL-1 induces the hypothalamus to produce prostaglandins, which reset the body's
"thermostat" to a higher temperature, producing fever
Beneficial effects of fever ✅1. Cause an unbearable environment for some pathogens
2. Increase the function of leukocytes by enhancing proliferation, mobility, and
phagocytosis
3. Endotoxin effects decreased
4. Increased proliferation of T cells
5. Enhanced activity of interferon
Interferons ✅part of cytokine classification; produced as a response to double-
stranded RNA, a key indicator of viral infection; very important for fighting RNA virus
infections. Two functions:
1. Inhibiting viral replication within host cells
2. Activating natural killer cells and macrophages
Transferrins ✅proteins carrying Iron; when Fe is attached to proteins, it is not readily
available for pathogens to use
Mast cells ✅Collection of basophils; found in the connective tissue of the dermis;
respond to injury, infection, or allergy by producing and releasing substances, including
heparin and histamine
Final outcomes of complement system ✅Opsonization: enhancement of phagocytosis
by coating with c3b
Inflammation: increase of blood vessel permeability and chemotactic attraction of
phagocytes
Cytolysis: Bursting of microbe due to inflow of ECF through transmembrane channel
formed by membrane attack complex
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller twishfrancis. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for £8.32. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
