Essay
Memory essay plans
Contains 5 essay plans covering the whole psychopathology module for psychology A level. A01 points in black, positive A03 points in green, negative A03 points in red.
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Discuss the Multi Store Model of memory. (6+10)Atkinson and Shiffrin Sensory register Short-term memory Long-term memory
• Suggested that memory is made • Memory stores for each sense • Limited capacity store as it only • Permanent memory store,
up of three stores linked • Vision – ionic store (visual retains a certain amount of info rehearsed for long period of
together by processing coding) hearing – echoic store before we forget time
• Receptors detect stimuli and this (acoustic coding) • Coded acoustically and lasts • Unlimited capacity and lasts for
info is then put into your • Massive capacity of sensory about 30 seconds unless very long time
sensory memory. It then goes to registers rehearsed • Coded semantically
your short-term memory where • Info from this is input into MSM • If we rehearse long enough the • For retrieval to happen it needs
its forgotten unless you • Attention is key for the info to info will move into our long- to come back into short term
maintain it. It then goes to your pass to the next stage term memory memory for us to be able to
long-term memory. It retrieved recall the memory
from your long-term memory.
Baddeley Case study Shallice and Wallington Logie/Ruchkin
• Mix up similar sounding words • Anonymous patient HM • Studied patient KF with amnesia • Logie – Short-term memory
using short-term memory, mix • Underwent brain surgery for • Short-term memory for digits relies too much on long-term
up words with similar meanings epilepsy, hippocampus removed higher when he read to himself memory so shouldn’t come first
using long term memory • Couldn’t remember anything than when they were read out • Ruchkin et al – PPs recalled
• Short-term memory coded within two years or anything loud words and pseudo words
acoustically, long-term coded that happened within the • Suggests MSM is more complex • More activity with real words so
semantically previous hour • Could be another type of store it required processing in other
• Suggests the two stores are • Was able to perform well on for nonverbal sounds areas of the brain
independent/separate like the memory tests suggesting there • Short-term memory is a small
MSM are two separate stores part of long-term memory
Craik and Watkins
• Improved the model
• Elaborative rehearsal, when you
link info to your existing
knowledge, is more likely to
transfer the info into long-term
memory
• Quality of rehearsal more
important than time spent on
rehearsal
, Outline and evaluate the Working Memory Model. (6+10)
Central Executive Phonological loop Visuo-spatial sketch pad Episodic buffer
• Baddeley and Hitch developed • Slave system which processes • Stores visual and spatial • Added to the model by Baddeley
the WWM information in terms of sound information when required in 2000
• The CE coordinates activities in • Can process written or spoken • Logie subdivided the VSS into • Temporary store which
the sub systems in memory material visual cache which stores visual integrates visual, auditory, and
• It allocates slave systems to • Subdivided into phonological data (form and colour) and the spatial information processed by
these activities store which is where the words inner scribe which records the other stores
• Monitors incoming data and you hear are processed and the arrangement of objects in the • Maintains sense of time
makes decisions articulatory process which visual fields sequencing
• Limited capacity involves maintenance rehearsal • Records events that have
• 2 second capacity happened
Shallice and Warrington Baddeley Cognitive psychologists Word length effect
• Patient KF had suffered brain • Showed that participants had • Baddeley’s explanation for CE • Research suggested by Baddeley
damage difficulty doing two visual tasks too superficial where people found it difficult to
• Poor short-term memory ability simultaneously than doing a • Baddeley said the CE is the most remember lists of long words
for verbal information but could visual and a verbal task at the important part but the least rather than lists of short words.
process visual information same time understood • He suggests that there is a finite
• Suggest only the phonological • Because both visual tasks • Some psychologists believe the space for rehearsal in the
loop had been damaged compete for the same slave CE has lots of different sections articulatory process.
• Supports idea of separate visual system at the same time and in • WMM not yet fully explained, • Word length effect disappears if
and acoustic stores other situations there is no still a work in progress the person is given articulatory
competition suppression task
Brain scanning Driving laws
• Braver et al gave pps tasks that • Using your mobile phone whilst
involved the CE while their driving is against the law
brains were being scanned. • By looking at your phone and
• Found greater activity in the left using your visual skills to drive,
prefrontal cortex. it’s competing within the VSS
• As the task became harder, slave system
activity became stronger. • However just listening to your
• Suggests CE needs to use slave phone or the radio is allowed as
systems when the demands it uses different slave systems,
become greater so it doesn’t compete
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