Most bonds in organic compounds are - answercovalent
Properties of water - answer1. polar
2. capable of adhesion and cohesion
3. high heat capacity (so it's hard to raise its temp)
4. great solvent
5. high heat of vaporization (allows humans to cool off via sweat)
6. water is less dense as a solid than a liquid
Intermolecular forces of water - answerhydrogen bonding
Solution components - answer1. solvent (product being dissolved)
2. solute (medium for dissolving solvent)
Molarity - answerthe number of moles of solute per liter of solution
Solubility rules - answerSOLUBLE
1. alkali metals (group 1) & NH4+ cations
2. NO3- or CH3COO- anions
3. Cl, Br, I (except when bonded to Ag+, Pb2+ or Hg2+)
4. sulfate ions (except when with Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Pb2+)
INSOLUBLE
,1. Metal oxides (except CaO, SrO, BaO)
2. Hydroxides (except when with Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+)
3. Carbonates, phosphates, sulfides, and sulfites (unless bound to alkali metal or NH4+)
Solubility product - answerKsp = [A]^a[B]^b
**only products because we don't include solids in the equilibrium expression
for NaCl
- Ksp = x^2
for PbCl2
- Ksp = 4x^3
for Cr(OH)3
- Ksp = 27x^4
Large Ksp means - answerstrong electrolyte (more soluble)
Strong acids - answerSo I brought no clean clothes
**used to estimate pH of solution in buffer region (in which species and its conjugate are
in approximately equal quantities)
Redox reactions - answerreduction - gain of electrons
oxidation - loss of electrons
Oxidizing vs reducing agents - answeroxidizing agents cause oxidation (they are
reduced)
reducing agents cause reduction (they are oxidized)
Voltaic cell - answerAKA galvanic cell
Spontaneous, supply energy
- reaction with higher E is reduced (cathode)
- ex. Zn and Cu connected by salt bridge
Electrons flow from anode --> cathode
Energy flows from cathode --> anode
Reduction potential - answerCathode minus anode
For voltaic cells, the higher value is the cathode
**cathode is reduced, anode is oxidized
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