secondary treatment
~ microbes remove organic material from liquid portion of sewage via trickling
filtration or activated sludge processing
tertiary treatment
~ removal of inorganic materials via chemical means
disinfection
~ removes all microbes
ex: chlorination
biological oxygen d...
unique restriction sites that allow the insertion of gene of interest
,types of cloning vectors
✓~ plasmid (carry 20k base pairs)
bacteriophage (carry 9k-25k base pairs)
cosmid (carry 30k-47k base pairs)
artificial chromosomes (carry up to 1 million base pairs)
PCR ingredients
✓~ primers
Taq polymerase
deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates
PCR temperatures
✓~ 90 - separates DNA strands
50 - primers attach
70 - nucleotides are added on
,types of polymers for gel electrophoresis
✓~ agrose
polyacrylimide
ethidium bromide
✓~ stains DNA, makes it visible under UV
RFLP Analysis procedure
✓~ 1. isolate gene of interest
2. PCR
3. cut DNA, making restriction fragments
4. gel electrophoresis to separate according to size
5. computers to analyze
ribotyping
✓~ compares rRNA to find similarities/differences across domains
, southern blotting
✓~ 1. cut DNA to make a lot of fragments
2. separate DNA by size via gel electrophoresis
3. place sheet of nitocellulose paper on top of gel
4. place paper in heat-sealed bag with radioactive probe
5. wash filter and place on x-ray film to make autoradiograph
western blotting
✓~ detects proteins
northern blotting
✓~ detects RNA
making of a genomic library
✓~ 1. extract DNA
2. cut into fragments of specific size
3. insert the fragments into a vector
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