Exam (elaborations)
Pharmacology 5334 Module 5 Exam Questions with Complete Solutions Graded A+
- Module
- Institution
Pharmacology 5334 Module 5 Exam Questions with Complete Solutions Graded A+
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
YourExamplug
Reviews received
Content preview
Pharmacology 5334Module 5 Exam
Questions with Complete
Solutions Graded A+
Denning [Date] [Course title]
,Cardiac output - Answer: Average adult: 5 L/minute; heart rate X stroke volume; HR controlled by the
ANS; SV: myocardial contractility, cardiac afterload, cardiac preload
Preload - Answer: End-diastolic volume/pressure; amount of tension that is applied to a muscle before
contraction; if preload increases, stroke volume increases. If it decreases, stroke volume decreases.
Afterload - Answer: Arterial pressure that the left ventricle must overcome to eject blood; if it increases,
stroke volume decreases, and vice versa.
Basic functions of diuretics - Answer: Cleansing of ECF and maintenance of ECF volume and
composition; maintenance of acid-base balance; excretion of metabolic wastes and foreign substances
Three basic renal processes - Answer: Filtration (occurs in the glomerulus); reabsorption (99% of water,
electrolytes, and nutrients undergo reabsorption at the glomerulus); active tubular secretion (occurs in
the proximal convoluted tubule. One pumps organic acids and the other pumps bases)
Diuretics MOA - Answer: Blockade of sodium and chloride reabsorption; site of action - proximal tubule,
which produces greatest diuresis. Adverse effects: hypovolemia, acid-base imbalance, electrolyte
imbalances
Four major classifications of diuretics - Answer: Loops: furosemide; Thiazide: hydrochlorothiazide;
osmotic: mannitol; potassium-sparing: aldosterone antagonists (spironolactone) and non-aldosterone
antagonists (triamterene); carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Furosemide (Lasix) - Answer: Most frequently prescribed loop diuretic. MOA: acts on ascending loop of
Henle to block reabsorption. Pharmacokinetics: rapid onset (PO 60 min; IV 5 min); short half life (6
hours). Therapeutic uses: pulmonary edema, edematous states, HTN
Furosemide adverse effects - Answer: Hyponatremia, hypochloremia, and dehydration; hypotension;
hypokalemia; ototoxicity
Furosemide drug interactions - Answer: Digoxin, ototoxic drugs, potassium-sparing diuretics, lithium,
antihypertensive agents, NSAIDs
, Other loop diuretics - Answer: Ethacrynic acid, Bumetanide, Torsemide. All can cause: ototoxicity,
hypovolemia, hypotension, hypokalemia, hyperuricemia, hyperglycemia, and disruption of lipid
metabolism
Thiazide Diuretics (benzothiazides) - Answer: Effects similar to those of loop diuretics: increase renal
excretion of sodium, chloride, potassium, and water; elevate levels of uric acid and glucose. Maximum
diuresis is considerably lower than with loop diuretics. Not effective when urine flow is scant.
Hydrochlorothiazide - Answer: Most widely used thiazide diuretic. Action: early segment distal
convoluted tubule. Peaks in 4-6 hours. Therapeutic uses: essential HTN, edema, diabetes insipidus
HCTZ adverse effects - Answer: Hyponatremia, hypochloremia, and dehydration; hypokalemia;
hyperglycemia; hyperuricemia
HCTZ drug interactions - Answer: Digoxin; augments effects of hypertensive medications; can reduce
renal excretion of lithium (leading to accumulation of lithium); NSAIDs may blunt diuretic effect; can be
combined with ototoxic agents without increased risk of hearing loss
Potassium-sparing diuretics - Answer: Useful responses: modest increase in urine production and
substantial decrease in potassium excretion. Rarely used alone for therapy. Aldosterone antagonist:
spironolactone. Non-aldosterone antagonists: triamterene and amiloride
Spironolactone - Answer: MOA: blocks aldosterone in the distal nephron; causes retention of
potassium; increased excretion of sodium. Uses: HTN, edematous states, HF, primary
hyperaldosteronism, premenstrual syndrome, PCOS, acne in young women, hirsutism
Spironolactone adverse effects - Answer: Hyperkalemia, benign and malignant tumors, endocrine
effects. Drug interactions: thiazide and loop diuretics; agents that raise potassium levels
Triamterene - Answer: MOA: disrupts sodium-potassium exchange in the distal nephron; direct inhibitor
of the exchange mechanism; decreases sodium reuptake; inhibits ion transport. Uses: HTN, edema
Triamterene adverse effects - Answer: Hyperkalemia, leg cramps, N/V, dizziness, blood dycrasias
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller YourExamplug. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for £10.63. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
79276 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy revision notes and other study material for 14 years now