identification of teratogens - Answer: difficult to identify, 3 criteria must be met:
1. The agent must be present during the critical stage of development
2. The agent produces a particular pattern of birth defects in animal studies.
3. The agent crosses the placenta and there is a dose-response relationship.
responding to teratogen exposure - Answer: Determine when the drug was taken
, Determine when the pregnancy began
-Weeks 3-8 (organogenesis) is most crucial time
Determine type of malformation expected
Conduct 2 US and consult FDA to determine severity
how to decrease risk of drug effects during breastfeeding - Answer: - take drugs immediately after
breastfeeding
- avoid drugs w/ long half-lives
- choose drugs that tend to be excluded from milk, least likely to affect infant
- avoid hazardous drugs
pediatric response to drugs - Answer: - more sensitive to drugs
- greater individual variation
- sensitivity d/t organ system immaturity
- increased risk for adverse rxns
determining the intensity of duration of drug response in neonates & infants - Answer: - elevated drug
levels = more intense response
- delayed elimination = prolonged response
- immaturity of organs = risk for both^
comparison of plasma drug levels in adults and infants - Answer:
increased sensitivity in infants caused by immature state of... - Answer: absorption, protein binding of
drugs, BBB, hepatic metabolism, renal drug excretion
infant absorption: oral administration - Answer: prolonged and irregular gastric
adult function at 6-8 months
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