PSYC 334 exam 1 || with Complete Solutions.
organisational psychology definition correct answers • A branch of psychology that applies the
principles of psychology to the workplace (Aamodt, 2023)
• Industrial-organizational psychologists are able to apply psychological theories to explain and
enhance the effectiveness of human behavior in the workplace (Canadian Psychological
Association)
• I/O psychologists "enhance the dignity and performance of human beings, and the
organizations they work in, by advancing the science and knowledge of human behavior" (Rucci,
2008)
what are organisations? correct answers -social inventions for accomplishing common goals
through group effort
levels of analysis correct answers -individuals
-groups
-organisations
levels of analysis: individuals correct answers -people at work ,thier
perceptions,behaviours,feelings,abilities etc...
Levels of analysis : Groups correct answers -work groups,teams,formal and informal groups at
work.
Levels of analysis: organisations correct answers -The whole organisation,how it
operates,develops,impact from enviroment,behaviour.
Factors of organizational psychology correct answers -peoples opinions about work (attitude
surveys./well-being and work)
-developement of individuals and groups (training,career choice and counselling/intepersonal
skills/equal oppurtunities and managing diversity)
-The physical work enviroment
(ergonomics and equipement design/occupational safety and health)
-The nature of the work and organisarion
(work design/organisational developement and change)
-assement of individuals
(selection and assessment/preformance apprasial)
What is work? correct answers W=f*D
-defines us for ourselves and others.
-powerful source of ourpersonal and social identities,irrespective of whether we enjoy it orare
paid for it .
2 key landmarks/studies correct answers -Taylor study (iron works)
-Hwthrones works in chicago study
,Iron works study (Taylor) and results correct answers • Found traditional ways inefficient.
• Inefficiency costs money.
• Know how much work to expect from a machine but not from a worker.
• Needed an "all out" standard from which to assess efficiency of other workers
-employee asked if he wanted to earn more,then if he did exactly what he was told=paid
according to amount of work completed.
- There was to be no argument, no back-talk, noinitiative, nothing but just carrying out to
theminutest detail what he had been ordered to do"
-lavbour improved,but may have been hwwathorne effect (do better when observed)
Iron works study (Tayor,1911) 3 basic principles correct answers 1. To select the best men for
the job
2. To instruct them in the most efficient methods, the most economical movements, to employ in
their work.
3. To give incentives in the form of higher wages to the best workers
Hawthroen study (mayo) correct answers • Used assumptions of Taylor and Scientific
management and tried various methods, such as, altered hours, rest periods, lighting and other
environmental conditions.
• None worked in reducing the tension orincreasing productivity.
-2 groups of employees selected,control=lights unchanged vs increased.Both groups increased
output.
-conclusion:So long as commerce specializes in businessmethods which take no account of
humannature and social motives, so long may weexpect strikes and sabotage to be the
ordinaryaccompaniment of industry.
Hawthrone effect correct answers • Productivity increased after every change, and even when
conditions returned to normal!
• Clearly other factors than those manipulated byresearcher - were responsible
.• Changes in workers behaviour can be brought aboutby merely being observed - this problem
called"Hawthorn effect".
• Also increased attention - lead to rises inperformance - "Feeling special" (Arnold et al., 2005).
• Importance of group processes
.• Studies very influential in the start of the HumanRelations (HR) Movement.
What factors were influencing hwathorne experiement? correct answers • Set up further
experiments - the "relayassembly test room study".• selected 2 women and asked them to
chooseanother 4 - therefore a group of 6.• Group was employed in assembling telephonerelays.
and lead to hwathorne effect
History:FMJ and FJM correct answers o Fitting the man to the job (FMJ)
• Selecting, training, managing individuals to do a job
o Fitting the job to the man (FJM)
• Designing the job (environment, conditions,equipment, etc.) to meet the needs of the
individuals doing the job
o Both FMJ & FJM involve relationships between the individual and the job
, FJM correct answers -selecting,training,managing individuals to do a job.
-fit the man to the job
FMJ correct answers -fit the job to the man
-designing the job(enviiroment,conditions,equipement,etc.) to meet the needs of the individuals
doing the job.
Scientific Management (from Taylor's experiement) correct answers • Study jobs systemically
with view to seeing how tasks are performed
Select best employees for various jobs
• Train in most efficient methods
• Offer incentives - piece rates
• Use rest breaks to combat fatigue
• Use Supervisors to ensure this happening
• Yet, is it a form of exploitation? (Needle, 2004)
considerations in conducting research correct answers -ideas
-hypotheses (an educated prediction about the answer to a question)
-theories (systematic sets of assumptions regarding thenature and cause of particular events)
what is science? correct answers • Approach that involves the understanding, prediction, and
control of some phenomenon of interest.
• Science has common methods
• Science is a logical approach to investigation
o Based on a theory, hypothesis, or basic interest
• Science depends on datao Gathered in a laboratory or the field• Replicable
Location of the Study correct answers o Locations
• Laboratory research
• Field research
o Issues
• Informed consent
• Institutional review boards
research methods correct answers oExperiments
o Quasi-experiments
o Archival research
o Surveys
o Meta-analysis
independent variable correct answers -manipulated or controlled
-experiemental group
-control group
dependent variable correct answers -dependent on the independent variable
