Bio 114 Exam 4 (UA) Study Questions and Correct Answers
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Module
BIO 114
Institution
BIO 114
Operator The "switch" is a segment of DNA called an operator usually positioned within the promoter
Operon the entire stretch of DNA that includes the operator, the promoter, and the genes that they control
Repressor A protein that binds to an operator and physically blocks RNA polymerase from bi...
Bio 114 Exam 4 (UA) Study Questions
and Correct Answers
Operator ✅The "switch" is a segment of DNA called an operator usually positioned
within the promoter
Operon ✅the entire stretch of DNA that includes the operator, the promoter, and the
genes that they control
Repressor ✅A protein that binds to an operator and physically blocks RNA polymerase
from binding to a promoter site
Corepressor ✅a molecule that cooperates with a repressor protein to switch an operon
off
Inducer ✅A specific small molecule that inactivates the repressor in an operon.
Cell Differentiation ✅the process by which a cell becomes specialized for a specific
structure or function.
Cytoplasmic Determinants ✅Maternal substances in egg that influence the course of
early development.
Oncogenes ✅are cancer-causing genes in some types of viruses.
Proto-oncogenes ✅the corresponding normal cellular genes that are responsible for
normal cell growth and division.
Tumor Suppressor Genes ✅normally help prevent uncontrolled cell growth
Tumor-suppressor proteins ✅Repair damaged DNA
Control cell adhesion
Act in cell-signaling pathways that inhibit the cell cycle
Virus ✅an infectious particle consisting of genes packaged in a protein coat
Capsid ✅The protein shell that encloses a viral genome. It may be rod-shaped,
polyhedral, or more complex in shape.
Capsids are built from protein subunits called? ✅Capsomeres
, What is the lytic cycle? ✅a phage replicative cycle that culminates in the death of the
host cell
what does the lytic cycle produce? ✅new phages and lyses (breaks open) the host's
cell wall, releasing the progeny viruses.
Virulent Phage ✅A phage that reproduces only by the lytic cycle.
The lysogenic cycle ✅replicates the phage genome without destroying the host
Prophage ✅the viral DNA that is embedded in the host cell's DNA
What happens when the cell divides in the lysogenic cycle? ✅it copies the phage DNA
and passes the copies to daughter cells
Temperate Phages ✅Phages that use both the lytic and lysogenic cycles
There are two key variables used to classify viruses that infect animals ✅An RNA or
DNA genome
A single-stranded or double-stranded genome
Provirus ✅The viral DNA that is integrated into the host genome
Vaccines ✅harmless derivatives of pathogenic microbes that stimulate the immune
system to mount defenses against the harmful pathogen
Plant viruses spread disease in two major modes: ✅Horizontal transmission, entering
through damaged cell walls
Vertical transmission, inheriting the virus from a parent
Viroids ✅small circular RNA molecules that infect plants and disrupt their growth
Prions ✅slow-acting, virtually indestructible infectious proteins that cause brain
diseases in mammals.
Biotechnology ✅the manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful
products
Nucleic Acid Hybridization ✅Base pairing between a gene and a complementary
sequence on another nucleic acid molecule.
Genetic Engineering ✅The direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes.
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