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Philosophy AO1 Exam Questions And Answers
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Philosophy AO1 Exam Questions And AnswersPlato (Realist, A priori) Correct Answers - analogy of the cave,
HH HH
book 7 of the Republic = twice divided line
- 'the truth would be literally nothing but the shadows of the
images'
- philosophical study = being 'relcutantly dragged up a steep and
rugged ascent' but 'he would rather suffer anything than entertain
these false notions and live in this miserable manner'
- theory of the forms: Republic books V and VI
- Heraclitus, 5th century BCE: 'you can never stand in the same
river twice' -> Nietzsche: 'you can never stand in the same river
once.'
- Republic book X: the form of the bed
- change (knowledge and qoxa: Meno's slave recalls geometry
for Socrates - 'all learning is recollection', anamnesis), beauty,
equal sticks.
- FoG, Republic book VI: the eye = the soul / power of
understanding. the light upon which the eye depends to see =
FoG
Aristotle (Empiricist, A posteriori) Correct Answers - books =
HH HH
lecture notes from the Lyceum (f. 335). 'Nichomachean Ethics'
& 'Metaphysics'
- The four causes ('Metaphysics' V): MEFF(telos ->
eudaemonia: 'Parts of Animals' - the foetus, 'Physics' book 2 -
teeth). Silver bowl & bronze statue
- "there must be a mover which moves without being moved,
eternal and a substance and actual." = PM. ('Metaphysics').
Immaterial & transcendent, pure actuality & perfectly good.
Pure thought. 'it must be of itself that the divine thought thinks.'
,'thinking on thinking.' 'It causes motion as being the object of
love, whereas all other things cause motion because they,
themselves, are in motion.'
- Hebrews 13:8 'Jesus Christ is the same yesterday and today
and forever.' Metaphysics book V 'God is a living being, eternal,
most good' God as PM = 'complete reality'
- geocentric model of the universe. Continuum of causality.
hierarchical concentric rings: sublunary world, heavenly
spheres, immutable substances.
-substance categories: 'everything that is, is a substance':
sensible, split into the physical perishable and changeable
imperishable (ex. time) & intelligible: immutable.
-Change: from subject to object by means of an agent. ex. wood
-> ash by fire (heat). 'everything is defined as being from that
which is, but is potentially and is not actually.' What is potential
can only be actualised by another actuality.
Cosmological Argument (cosmos - universe and world & logos -
word, understanding and logic) Correct Answers - First 3 of
HH HH
Aquinas' 5 ways ('Summa Theologica')
1) Motion & Leibniz 'sufficient reason' = a complete
explanation. Aristotle's PM model of movement is a contem
proneous (it is about dependancy). Hand on staff. Exponential
nature of the infinite regress explanation.
2) causation. Red shift (Doppler effect), CMBR => expanding
universe, must have started from a single point. Law of entropy
(organised energy decreses over time => universe can't be
infinitely old).
3) Necessity. In infinite time, all that could possibly not exist,
would have not been in existence. There must be a non-
contingent as nothing comes out of nothing. Fallacy of
, composition? (individual things may be contingent but this does
not mean the universe as a whole is).
- Hume's Enquiries: problem of induction.
- Hume's Dialogues: 'nothing is demonstrable unless its contrary
implies a contradiction.' (=> no such thing as a necessary
existance / logically certain being) 'obviously this can never
happen, while our faculties remain the same as they are now'
'why shouldn't the material universe be the necessarily existant
being?' 'How can anything, that exists from eternity, have a
cuase?' 'The cause of the whole is sufficiently explained by
explaining the cause of the parts.' (Fallacy of composition,
Hume's 20 particles. If a cause for each part can be explained,
why then does there need to be a cause for the whole?). Hume's
Billiard Balls.
Teleological Argument (design quo purpose/regularity) Correct
HH
Answers - Aquinas' 5th way ('Summa Theologica, Article 3).
HH
Arrow and archer: some intellegent being exists by whom all
natural, unintelligent beings are directed to their end. Order and
regularity demonstrate purpose (teeth - lifted from Aristotle
'Physics' book 2).
- William Paley: heath and watch analogy ('Natural Theology'
1802) -> a maker 'who comprehended its construction and
designed its use.' Purpose, order, regulaity, complexity. Not
perfect but 'he knows enough for his argument.'
- Hume's Dialogues (1779): Fallacy of Analogy (rose and
lettuce). 'This world... is very faulty and imperfect... the first
rude essay of some infant deity, who afterwards abandoned it,
ashamed of his lame performance.' (Deism). 'Like effects prove
like causes.' 'Whenever you depart from the similarity of the
cases, you diminish proportionably the evidence.' 'the cause
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