Summary
Summary CCEA GCSE Physics Unit 2
CCEA GCSE Physics Unit 2 revision notes include: waves, light, electricity, magnetism and electromagnetism, and space physics.
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Physics 2Waves
Waves transfer energy from
one point to another through
vibrations.
Longitudinal waves Transverse waves
Particles move parallel to the direction in Particles move perpendicular to the direction
which the energy of the wave travels. in which the energy of the wave travels.
Examples of longitudinal waves are:
Water waves
Electromagnetic waves
Examples of longitudinal waves are:
Sound waves
Ultrasound waves
Frequency –
number of waves
velocit passing a point
y each second
frequenc waveleng Echoes
1 Sound waves can reflect off surfaces,
y th creating echoes.
Distance = speed x time
frequenc time
Ultrasound
y Ultrasound waves have a frequency higher
than the upper limit for human hearing –
above 20,000Hz.
Ultrasound imaging creates a picture of
something that cannot be seen e.g. foetus,
faults or defects in metal. Used to measure
foetal head diameter using cathode ray
oscilloscope (CRO)
Advantages of ultrasound:
ultrasound waves don’t cause damage
to cells, unlike x-rays
ultrasound equipment is cheap, easy to
use and portable
SOund Navigation And images of internal organs can be seen
Ranging
Electromagnetic Waves
Electromagnetic waves travel at 300,000,000 m/s in a vacuum.
Type Uses Dangers Wavelen Frequen
gth cy
Radio waves Communications Large doses may cause Long Low
cancer
Microwaves GPS, mobile phones, Internal heating of body
navigation tissues – lead to cataracts
Infrared Night vision, TV remote Can cause burns
control, car security
systems
Visible light Vision, photography, Can damage eyes (can
photosynthesis cause snow blindness)
Ultraviolet Used in water chillers to May damage skin cells,
rays kill bacteria, detect bank causing skin cancer
note forgeries
X-rays Medical imaging, airport Damages cells cancer
Light security
Gamma
Law rays Treating cancer,
of reflection Damages cells cancer Short High
Properties of an
sterilising medical
angle of incidence = angle of image in a plane
reflection mirror:
laterally inverted
same height as
, Dispersion of white light through a
Refraction glass prism
Light slows down when it enters glass because
glass is more dense than air. This causes it to
bend towards the normal.
A spectrum is displayed as colours of light
travel at different speeds:
Red is refracted least and slowed least due
Faster to the longest wavelength
Away (from the Violet is refracted most and slowed most
normal) due to the shortest wavelength
Slower
Towards (the normal)
Lense
F = focal point
f = focal length
C = optical
centre
Real image:
Can be projected onto a
screen
Virtual image:
Cannot be projected onto a
Projector:
inverted Camera:
enlarge inverted
d diminishe
real d
real
Magnifying
glass:
erect
enlarged
virtual
Electricity
Electrical conductors are An electric current in a metal is
materials that electricity can a flow of electrons that move
pass through easily e.g. oppositely to the direction of
metals. They have free conventional current.
electrons.
Insulators are materials that
cannot conduct electricity.
They have no free electrons.
Series circuit
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