What does Descent with Modification mean? Passing of traits from parents to offspring
What is evolution? Change over time
How are genes involved in natural selection? genetic mutations that are beneficial to an individual's survival are passed on through reproduction
Who contributed to the main ...
BIO 121 Final Exam Questions and
Correct Answers
What does Descent with Modification mean? ✅Passing of traits from parents to
offspring
What is evolution? ✅Change over time
How are genes involved in natural selection? ✅genetic mutations that are beneficial to
an individual's survival are passed on through reproduction
Who contributed to the main ideas of how diversity arose? ✅Charles Darwin
What were the initial observations and inferences that led to natural selection?
✅members of the population vary in their inherited traits & all species can produce
more offspring than the environment can support, but many fail to survive and
reproduce
What is adaptation? ✅any heritable trait that helps an organism, such as a plant or
animal, survive and reproduce in its environment
How is natural selection different from artificial selection? ✅whether reproductive
success is driven by naturally occurring processes, or whether the selection is imposed
by humans
Example of Natural and Artificial Selection ✅Natural: Long-Necked Giraffes
Artificial: Breeding of different varieties of dogs or cattle to produce the desired varieties
What is homology? ✅similarity resulting from common ancestry
What is convergent evolution? ✅unrelated species evolve similar traits even though
they live in different parts of the world
What is an endemic species? ✅species found in one place and nowhere else
What is the smallest unit of evolution? ✅population
What is a population? ✅All the organisms of one species living in a habitat
, What is microevolution? ✅Change in allele frequencies in a population over
generations.
What are the 3 mechanisms that cause changes in allele frequency? ✅Natural
selection, Genetic Drift, Gene Flow
What is a gene pool? ✅all the genes in a population
How do you calculate the frequency of an allele in a diploid population? ✅counting
how many times the allele appears in the population then dividing by the total number of
copies of the gene
What is Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium used to measure? ✅the number of homozygous
and heterozygous variant carriers based on its allele frequency in populations that are
not evolving
What are the 5 conditions for H-W Equilibrium? ✅- No Mutation
- Random Mating
- No Natural Selection
- Extremely Large Population Size
- No Gene Flow
What is the equation used in H-W Equilibrium? ✅p² + 2pq + q² = 1
What is the Bottleneck Effect? ✅genetic drift that occurs after an event greatly reduces
the size of a population
How can you identify examples of bottleneck effect? ✅after natural disasters
What is the Founder Effect? ✅genetic drift that occurs after a small number of
individuals colonize a new area
How can you identify examples of founder effect? ✅the Amish populations in the
United States exhibit founder effects because they have grown from a very few
founders, have not recruited newcomers, and tend to marry within the community.
What are the 3 modes of natural selection? ✅stabilizing selection, directional selection,
disruptive selection
What is Balancing Selection? ✅occurs when natural selection maintains stable
frequencies of two or more phenotypic forms in a population
What is sexual selection? ✅the process by which individuals compete for access to
mates and fertilization opportunities
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