PNE 110 A&P Ch 3 - Cells Patton 16th Ed.
hypotonic (lysed/turgid)
1. cell inflate & eventually burst
2. shifts fluid out of the intravascular compartment, hydrating the cells and the interstitial
compartments
3. solute concentration inside the cell is HIGHER
Relationship of cell structure and function
1. Every human cell has a designated function, some help maintain the cell, and others regulate life
processes.
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2. Specialized functions of a cell differ depending on the number and type of organelles.
isotonic
1. amount of water transported into the cell is equal to the amount of water transported out from the
cell
2. solute concentration inside the cell is equal to the solution outside the cell
3. stays in the intravascular space; it expands the intravascular compartment
NOTE: the volume remains unchanged.
Examples of isotonic fluids:
0.9% sodium chloride, commonly called normal saline (NS), and lactated Ringer's (LR)
What is an isotonic fluid used to treat?
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Blood loss, surgery, dehydration, fluid loss
***Isotonic solutions are used: to increase the EXTRACELLULAR fluid volume due to blood loss,
surgery, dehydration, fluid loss that has been loss extracellularly.
What is a hypotonic solution used to treat?
Diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemia
Hypotonic solutions are used when the cell is dehydrated and fluids need to be put back
intracellularly. This happens when patients develop diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) or hyperosmolar
hyperglycemia.
Important: Watch out for depleting the circulatory system of fluid since you are trying to push
extracellular fluid into the cell to re-hydrate it. Never give hypotonic solutions to patient who are at risk
for increased cranial pressure (can cause fluid to shift to brain tissue), extensive burns, trauma
(already hypovolemic) etc. because you can deplete their fluid volume.
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What is a hypertonic fluid used to treat?
Pulmonary edema and fluid overload
***When hypertonic solutions are used (very cautiously....most likely to be given in the ICU due to
quickly arising side effects of pulmonary edema/fluid over load). In addition, it is prefered to give
hypertonic solutions via a central line due to the hypertonic solution being vesicant on the veins and
the risk of infiltration.
How do cell differ?
in shape than size. Some are flat, brick-shaped, threadlike, & some irregular shapes.
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Cells overview
1. Size/shape: Human cells are microscopic in size & can only be seen when magnified by a
microscope.
2. Composition: cytoplasm, organelles, cell interior.
squamous
very flat
cuboidal
ice cubes
selectively permeable
some substances can pass across them and others cannot
extracellular materials
substances contributing to body mass found outside the cells.
extracellular fluids
interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid are examples of?
cytosol
intracellular fluid
Three plasma membrane functions are
1. fusion
2. boundaries
3. signaling
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cytosol and organelles
cytoplasm
Cholesterol gives the membrane stability
to our cells and makes up about 20% of membrane lipid.
cancer
homeostatic imbalance example
lipid bilayer
has two layers; composed of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. You cannot have just one layer
because you need something hydrophilic facing the water.
active transport
movement of molecules require the cell to use energy from ATP (in which requires carrier proteins
(solute pumps) and ATP.
Types of passive transport are (4)
1. diffusion - substances scatter evenly thru/out an avail. space
2. osmosis - diffusion of H2O (when some solutes cannot cross the membrane)
3. dialysis - diffusion of small solute particles
4. filtration - movement of H2O /solutes caused by hydrostatic pressure on one side of the membrane
Types active transport processes (3)
1. Ion pumps - An ion pump is a protein complex in the cell membrane. Ion pumps use energy from
ATP to move substances across cell membranes against their concentration gradients
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