Lecture notes
Biology and Body Systems
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- University Of Central Lancashire Preston (UClan)
Biology and Body Systems module at UCLan
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Cell Types + Structure - Week 1 Lesson 1 (2/10)04 October 2023 15:32
What is a Cell?
• A cell is defined as the smallest basic unit of life that is responsible for all life's processes.
• Cells are the structural, functional and biological units of all living beings.
• A cell has the ability to replicate itself independently.
Eukaryotic Cells
• Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus enclosed within the nuclear membrane and form large and complex
organisms. Protozoa, fungi, plants and animals all have eukaryotic cells. They are classified under the
kingdom Eukaryota.
• The features of Eukaryotic cells are:
- They have a nucleus enclosed within the nuclear membrane.
- They have mitochondria.
- Flagella and Cilia are the locomotory organs in some of them.
- A cell wall is the outermost layer of some of them.
- The cells divide by mitosis.
- These cells contain a cytoskeletal structure.
- The nucleus contains single, linear DNA, which carries the genetic material in them.
- Have histone proteins, which are important or the constituents of eukaryotic chromosomes.
Prokaryotic Cells
• Prokaryotic cells are single-celled organisms that lacks a "true" nucleus and other membrane-
bound organelles.
• Prokaryotic cells are microorganisms that are known to be the earliest on Earth and part of the
Kingdom Monera.
• Prokaryotic cells refers to cells which are unicellular, which includes Bacteria.
• The characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells are:
- They lack a nuclear membrane.
- Mitochondria, Golgi Apparatus, Chloroplasts and Lysosomes are absent. (Membrane-bound
organelles)
- The genetic material is presented on a single chromosome.
- The histone proteins are absent.
- The cell wall is made up of carbohydrates and amino acids.
- The plasma membrane acts as the mitochondrial membrane carrying respiratory enzymes,
- They divide asexually by binary fission.
• The sexual mode of reproduction involves conjugation.
Body Systems and Biology Foundation Page 1
,Cell Types + Structure - Week 1 Lesson 1
Continued (2/10)
06 October 2023 10:47
Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
Lack nuclear membrane Have a nucleus within a nuclear membrane
Lack membrane-bound organelles Have membrane-bound organelles
Lack lysosomes Have lysosomes
The genetic material is presented on a single The nucleus contains the genetic
chromosome material, which is single, linear DNA.
Histone proteins are absent - Have histone proteins, which are
important or the constituents of
eukaryotic chromosomes.
Cell wall is made up of carbohydrates and amino - A cell wall is the outermost layer of
acids some of them.
Plasma membrane acts as a mitochondrial Flagella and Cilia are the locomotory
membrane carrying respiratory enzymes organs in some of them.
These cells contain a cytoskeletal
structure.
Divide asexually through binary fission Divide through mitosis
Body Systems and Biology Foundation Page 2
,Cell Types + Structure - Week 1 Lesson 1
Continued 2 (2/10)
Tuesday, August 22, 2023 1:12 PM
Body Systems and Biology Foundation Page 3
, Microscope Pictures
06 October 2023 12:16
Body Systems and Biology Foundation Page 4
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