BBH 101 Final Exam Verified Answers
Biomedical Model: The principle that all illnesses have a biological origin.
Limitations of the Biomedical Model: - Factors such as behavior, culture, community, age, race, gender, and genetics can affect health
outcomes and are not accounted for by the mo...
Biomedical Model: The principle that all illnesses have a biological origin.
Limitations of the Biomedical Model:
- Factors such as behavior, culture, community, age, race, gender, and genetics can affect health
outcomes and are not accounted for by the model.
Biobehavioral Model: A perspective that incorporates biological, psychological, and sociocultural
influences in assessing an individual’s health and susceptibility to diseases.
Hypothesis: A tentative explanation suggested based on limited evidence, intended as a starting point
for investigation.
Theory: A thoroughly tested explanation supported by substantial research, which is not absolute truth
but is widely regarded as valid.
P Value: A statistical measure indicating the probability of obtaining results if there is no true
relationship between the variables being studied.
P Value < 0.05; 5% Significance: A p-value threshold indicating statistical significance, where there is a
5% or lower chance the results are due to random variation.
P Value of 0.03: Indicates there is a 3% likelihood that the observed results resulted from chance rather
than a real effect.
Prevalence: The frequency with which a particular condition or occurrence exists within a population.
Incidence: The count of new cases of a condition over a specified period.
,Case Study: A research approach focusing on a single patient's experiences; it has limited capability to
explain broader concepts.
Cross-Sectional Study: An observational study that provides a snapshot of a population at a single point
in time without follow-up, offering low explanatory power.
Prevalence and Correlation: Cross-sectional studies can reveal correlations between variables.
Case-Control Study: A study format where individuals with a particular outcome (e.g., a disease) are
compared to those without it, assessing their prior exposure to possible risk factors; this design has
limited explanatory capacity.
Odds Ratio: A statistic that expresses how much more likely individuals with a specific exposure are to
experience an outcome compared to those without that exposure.
Cohort Study: A longitudinal study that tracks individuals with and without a certain exposure over time
to see if they develop a specific outcome; this design offers high explanatory power.
Relative Risk: A measure that describes the increased likelihood of an outcome occurring in an exposed
group versus an unexposed group.
Independent Variable: The variable that is intentionally manipulated in an experiment.
Dependent Variable: The variable that is expected to change in response to alterations in the
independent variable.
Phase 1 Clinical Trial: The initial phase of drug testing focused on assessing the safety of a new drug.
Phase 2 Clinical Trial: This phase examines the effectiveness of the drug.
Phase 3 Clinical Trial: This phase tests the drug's effectiveness in comparison to the current standard
treatment.
, Phase 4 Clinical Trial: The post-marketing phase where further information is gathered after FDA
approval of a drug.
Empirical Study: A research undertaking where the investigator executes all aspects of the study and
discloses how it was conducted, often labeled as a "clinical trial" or "cohort study" with results
discussed.
Meta-Analysis: A research method that synthesizes data from multiple studies to identify connections,
citing previous research findings.
Literature Review: A general assessment of existing studies on a topic without conducting original
research or data analysis.
Central Nervous System (CNS): Comprising the brain and spinal cord, which processes sensory
information from the body and transmits motor signals back to it.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): This system transmits messages to and from the CNS and
encompasses all neural structures outside the brain and spinal cord.
Somatic Nervous System (PNS): Responsible for voluntary movements, such as moving limbs.
Autonomic Nervous System (PNS): Regulates involuntary functions, such as breathing.
Sympathetic Nervous System: A branch of the autonomic system, activated during stress to trigger the
fight-or-flight response.
Parasympathetic Nervous System: Another branch of the autonomic system that helps the body relax
and recover.
Neurons: The fundamental cells that constitute the brain and nervous system.
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