ADJ 107 EXAM #1 (Chap 1-4) Questions
and Answers (Graded A)
Criminology - ANSWER - The scientific approach to studying criminal behavior; attempts to
describe the origins (why), extent, and nature of crime
Criminal Justice - ANSWER - Includes the study of agencies of social control within society,
such as police, courts, and corrections
Deviant Behavior - ANSWER - Refers to behavior which is NOT accepted by cultural norms
Descriptive Research - ANSWER - Most commonly used form of research b/c it incorporates the
researcher's knowledge about the issue and describes a problem or topic; uses prior experience
and research
Criminal Statistics - ANSWER - Involves devising valid and reliable measures designed to
calculate the amount and trends of criminal activity
Dark Figure - ANSWER - The amount of crime NOT reported to authorities
Theory - ANSWER - A set of interconnected statements or propositions that explain how 2 or
more events/factors are related to one another
Consensus Perspective of Crime - ANSWER - Holds laws should be endorsed in order to
criminalize certain types of behavior; consensus of society says these things are wrong
Conflict Perspective of Crime - ANSWER - Depicts society as a collection of diverse groups who
are in constant and continuing conflict
Historical clearance rate - ANSWER - 20%
Crimes reported to authorities - ANSWER - less than 40%
, Lifestyle Theory - ANSWER - Suggests that individuals may become crime victims based on
their lifestyle; prostitutes and drug addicts are more likely to be victimized b/c of their increased
exposure to criminal offenders
Deviant Place Theory - ANSWER - Stresses the greater the exposure to dangerous places, the
more likely individuals will become a victim of crime and violence; victims don't encourage
crime, but may be prone to victimization due to residing in a socially disorganized, high-crime
area
Routine Activities Theory - ANSWER - The volume and distribution of predatory crime are linked
to the interaction of 3 variable which reflect the routine activities of the typical American lifestyle;
1) availability of suitable targets, 2) absence of capable guardians, 3) presence of motivated
offenders
Different multidisciplinary sciences associated with criminology - ANSWER - Sociology,
psychology, criminal justice, political science, public policy, economics, biology
Different forms of data collection - ANSWER - Uniform Crime Report (UCR), National Incident-
Based Reporting System (NIBRS), National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), Self-Reporting
Surveys
National Incident-Based Reporting Survey (NIBRS) ADVANTAGES - ANSWER - provides a
more complete and detailed analysis of crime statistics; includes blackmail, embezzlement,
human trafficking, animal cruelty, DUI, and drug offenses
National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) ADVANTAGES - ANSWER - the ability to estimate
the total # of crimes, not just crimes reported
Uniform Crime Report (UCR) ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES - ANSWER - adv: consists of
government agency records (police reports, prison records, court data) that are accumulated
and analyzed
disadv: multiple crimes are classified together (hierarchy rule); only records most serious crime;
method of categorizing crimes differs among jurisdictions
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