Two general approaches for studying cells and tissues? 1. Histological Approach (most frequent) 2.Direct Observation
What does direct observation of cells and tissue entail? Cell and organ culture Transillumination of organs Radiation probes Vital and supravital staining
Achondroplasia one form o...
two general approaches for studying cells and tiss
what does direct observation of cells and tissue e
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BIO 446L Exam 1 Questions and Correct
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Two general approaches for studying cells and tissues? ✅1. Histological Approach
(most frequent)
2.Direct Observation
What does direct observation of cells and tissue entail? ✅Cell and organ culture
Transillumination of organs
Radiation probes
Vital and supravital staining
Achondroplasia ✅one form of dwarfism that affects bone growth wherein cartilage
doesn't convert into a bone
Achondroplasia is caused by? ✅a mutation in fibroblast growth factor receptor 3
(FGFR3) gene
Integral or transmembrane proteins ✅proteins embedded or passing through plasma
membrane
Peripheral membrane proteins ✅proteins associated with but not embedded within the
plasma membrane
Glycocalyx ✅The external surface of a plasma membrane that is important for cell-to-
cell communication.
Lipid rafts ✅Collections of similar lipids with or without associated proteins that serve
as attachment points for other biomolecules. High concentrations of cholesterol
molecules
Which microscopy is used to view plasma membrane? ✅Electron Microscopy
Membrane proteins medical application ✅alzheimers disease
Endocytosis ✅process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the
cell membrane
Exocytosis ✅Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material
,Phagocytosis ✅process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large
particles and take them into the cell
Pinocytosis ✅A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its
dissolved solutes.
Receptor-mediated endocytosis ✅The movement of specific molecules into a cell by
the inward budding of membranous vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites
specific to the molecules being taken in; enables a cell to acquire bulk quantities of
specific substances.
Endocrine signaling ✅Specialized cells release hormone molecules into vessels of the
circulatory system, by which they travel to target cells in other parts of the body.
Paracrine signaling ✅Signal released from a cell has an effect on neighboring cells.
Synaptic signaling ✅a type of local signaling specific to neurotransmitters in nerve
cells
Membrane Proteins And Cell Communication medical application ✅problems with
receptor proteins responding to hormones, immune response
Mitochondria is not present in which cells? ✅red blood cells and terminal keratinocytes
Mitochondria are abundant in which cells? ✅cells that use large amounts of energy
What does the folding of the mitochondrial inner membrane shown here provide?
✅increase surface area
Mitochondria medical application ✅mitochondrial deficiency diseases
Rough endoplasmic reticulum ✅synthesizes proteins
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum ✅synthesizes lipids and deals with detoxification
Golgi apparatus ✅A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for
export by the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum associated degredation ✅unsalvageable proteins are
translocated back into thecytosol, conjugated to ubiquitin, and then degraded by
proteasomes
What are the cell granules? ✅secretory, lysosomes, peroxisomes, proteasome
, Secretory granules ✅Large, densely packed, membrane-bound structure containing
highly concentrated secretory materials that are discharged into the extracellular space
(secreted) following a stimulatory signal
Lysosomes ✅An organelle containing digestive enzymes to perform intracellular
digestion
Peroxisomes ✅Contain oxidase substrates that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide,
and other harmful chemicals
Proteasome ✅A giant protein complex that recognizes and destroys proteins tagged
for elimination by the small protein ubiquitin. Associated with ERAD
Cytoskeleton function ✅1. Determine shape
2. Movement of organelles
3. Movement of the cell
Examples of cytoskeleton ✅1. Microtubules
2. Microfilaments
3. Intermediate filaments
Microtubules ✅form near nucleus and grow toward cell periphery; create a systems of
connections within cell; guide vesicles in movement within cell
Microfilaments ✅actin filaments that are present inn all cell types and are often
grouped in bundles.
Microfilaments function ✅anchorage and movement of membrane proteins
Form structural core of microvilli
Extension of cell processes
Movement of cell
Intermediate filaments ✅Threadlike proteins in the cell's cytoskeleton that are roughly
twice as thick as microfilaments; support and structural role
Four major classes of intermediate filaments ✅Keratin (epithelial cells)
Vimentin (mesoderm-derived cells like muscle, glial)
Neurafilaments (neurons)
Lamins (in nucleus of cells)
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