Oceanography Final Exam || with 100% Verified Solutions.
Has Global warming actually been observed? correct answers Yes, there have been observed
changes in global mean temperature.
While ____ plays the central role in weather, _____ plays the central role in climate. correct
answers Atmosphere, ocean
Because of water's ____ heat capacity, Ocean's thermal inertia provides the _____ in Earth's
climate system. correct answers high, memory
The _____ has absorbed most of the heat from greenhouse warming over the past 50 years, and
as it _____ with the atmosphere, the atmosphere's _____ will rise.term-4 correct answers Ocean,
equilibrates, temperature
This commitment to future warming often referred to ____ ___ ____ _____. correct answers
Warming in the pipeline
Does melting sea ice raise sea level? correct answers No
Ice has high ____ (reflects more incoming solar radiation), and as it melts, _____ ocean water is
exposed, leading to greater absorption of incoming solar radiation. correct answers albedo,
darker
Greater absorption of incoming solar radiation leads to what is called the Positive Ice Albedo
Feedback Loop. Describe this.
Melting Ice --> correct answers Melting Ice --> Lower Albedo --> Warming Ocean --> Melting
Ice
Once a critical threshold or ____ ___ is exceeded, this positive feedback loop can change the
system's behavior from linear gradual melting to ____-____ _____ melting. correct answers
tipping point, non linear rapid
A number of climate scientists believe that this tipping point was exceeded in the Arctic Ocean
during the _____. correct answers 1990s
Arctic Sea Ice Loss ---> correct answers Heat storage in Arctic Ocean
During ____, Stored heat released to atmosphere correct answers autumn
latitudinal temperature gradient ______, weakening polar vortex correct answers reduced
Polar jet stream slows, waves _____ and ____ more often correct answers meander, stall
More frequent and persistent invasions of arctic air masses to Mid latitudes = correct answers
Harsher winters
,Are hurricanes becoming more frequent because of climate change? correct answers No, but
stronger hurricanes are becoming more frequent
Hurricanes derive their ___ from heat in the ocean's surface waters. correct answers energy
Hurricanes derive their ____ from the ocean's surface waters. correct answers moisture
As the ocean ____, hurricanes become more powerful and have more moisture, leading to greater
_____. correct answers warms, rainfall
There has also been a slowing down of hurricanes and an increase in them _____ in place. This
leads to a more devastating _____. correct answers stalling, flooding
What do the Deep Horizon oil spill, arctic drilling, the kxl pipeline, the Marcellus shale
controversy, the wars in the Middle East, and the climate march in NYC have in common with
human-induced changed in Climate Change and the Ocean? correct answers ...
US currently accounts for ___% of global energy consumption. correct answers 20
Projected energy consumption is driven by increasing _____ and the desire for improved ___
____, especially in the developing world. correct answers population, living standards
Among energy sources, _____ and ____ are projected to grow the most rapidly, but ___ ___ are
still projected by the industry to provide most of the world's energy through _____. correct
answers renewables, biofuels, fossil fuels, 2050
However, we are literally living on borrowed time because our fossil fuel reserves are running
out: ____ in this century, ___ in the next century, and ____ in a few centuries later. correct
answers OIl, gas, coal
Is the question if we will move away from fossil fuels? correct answers No, the the question is
rather we transition away from them before we do irreparable damage to Earth's damage to the
Earth's climate system and oceans.
Stranded assets: __-__% must stay in the ground. correct answers 75-80
After evaluating the challenge of stabilizing CO2 concentration at ____ppm, we concluded that
society will only be successful in meeting this goal by supplementing aggressive greenhouse gas
emission reduction with ___ ____ ____. correct answers 350ppm, carbon dioxide removal
_____ the US economy from fossil-free sources will reduce the amount of energy needed by
more than ____. correct answers electrifying, half
, Without changing the sizes of our homes or cars, or fundamentally changing our lives, a fully
___ energy economy using ____-_____ fuel sources would require less than half of the total
amount of energy we use today. correct answers electrified, Non-carbon
With high certainty, we can say that in a fossil-free future, average US families will pay much
___ for all of their energy bills than they do today. correct answers less
Solar PV and Wind could each produce the ___ quads projected demand by 2040. correct
answers 113 quads
How do we produce that remaining 15 bboe/year of energy-dense, liquid hydrocarbon fuels
(roughly half of current consumption) to meet the demands of aviation, trucking and marine
shipping while still becoming effectively carbon neutral? correct answers algal solutions
Relative to terrestrial crops, marine microalgae:
1. Have higher ______
2. Can use otherwise non-productive, non-arable ____,
3. Do not compete with agriculture for ____,
4. Do not compete with agriculture for _____,
5. Lead to no ____ runoff and downstream _____,
6. Can produce ____, food and other valuable co-products. correct answers productivity, land,
land, freshwater, fertilizer, eutrophication, biofuels
Meeting 2016 US Total liquid fuel demands:
Corresponds to ~___% of US land area, about half the size of Texas and one third the area
planted in soybeans globally correct answers 4%
Meeting 2016 Global Total Liquid Fuel Demand:
Corresponds to ~__% of US land area, slightly less than 3x the size of Texas and ~1.6 x the area
planted in soybeans globally correct answers 21
Without fundamentally changing our lifestyles, this fossil-free future could provide us with
cleaner ___, cleaner __, and a healthier quality of ___. correct answers air, water, life
Fossil free, renewable energy could provide a huge number of wellpaid ____, ones that are
largely ___ and cannot be easily outsourced ____. correct answers jobs, local, overseas
T/F: The Green New Deal is not naive in its ambitions nor scope. Quite the opposite, it
represents the most scientifically viable and equitable pathway to American prosperity since...
the last New Deal. correct answers True
The North Atlantic ____ _____ population is one of the most highly endangered cetacean species
on Earth. correct answers right whale
