GARP Ch 4 - Climate and Sustainability Policies Questions and Answers 100% correct
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Module
GARP
Institution
GARP
GARP Ch 4 - Climate and Sustainability Policies Questions and Answers 100% correct
Challenges / disagreements in international climate policy
Optimal amount of emissions reduction (3.5' in 1990s to 1.5-2' in avoid tipping points), disagreement on moral responsibility (accumulated historic emissio...
GARP Ch 4 - Climate and Sustainability
Policies Questions and Answers 100%
correct
Challenges / disagreements in international climate policy - answer Optimal amount
of emissions reduction (3.5' in 1990s to 1.5-2' in avoid tipping points), disagreement on
moral responsibility (accumulated historic emissions, current share, or future
emissions), difficulties of collective action (tragedy of the commons)
Emissions by country (absolute vs. historic) - answer Highest current annual
emissions: China, USA, then India. Asia = 53%, N. America 18%, Europe 17%. Highest
culumative emissions: U.S. 1/4, EU (including UK) 1/5, China 1/8, Russia, Japan. N.
America and Asia = 29% each, Europe (incl Russia) = 33%. Future emissions: Saudi
Arabia, Indonesia, Brazil ppressured to adopt green models of development.
History & outcomes of Kyoto Protocol - answer First global compact on emissions
reductions; legally binding treaty, required high-income "Annex 1" countries to reduce
emissions by 5% from 1990 levels by 2008-2012. Included emissions-trading between
Annex 1 countries; "joint implementation" - Annex 1 countries could undertake tech
project / transfer in another Annex 1 country; "clean development mechanism" (CDM),
Annex 1 countries could get credit for emissions reduction project in non-Annex 1
country. Ultimately failed because lacked implementation, Annex 1 countries didn't like
"common but differentiated responsbilities", US never ratified.
Copenhagen COP - answer COP15 in 2009. Lots of pressure bc Kyoto expired
2012. Failed to come to concensus, but established foundation for Paris Agreement: i.e.
2'C global warming goal, idea of domestic mitigation strategies from every country
(NDCs)
Outcomes of Paris Agreement - answer COP21 in Paris (2015). Commonly agreed
aspiration to keep global temperature rise "well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels"
and to "pursuing efforts" to limit the rise to 1.5°C. Invited all countries to submit (non-
binding) plans aka NDCs with "ratcheting" mechanism to increase ambition; relied on
peer pressure; nations appointed 2 "high-level champions" each; and recognized
subnational actors (cities, businesses).
Structure, pros and cons of carbon pricing policies (taxes vs. ETS) - answer Carbon
tax (price per ton of CO2 emitted): raises revenue, but can be unpredictable / easily
tweaked and thus hard to make investment decisions over multiple years. Cap-and-
trade scheme (cap on total emissions with tradable permits): more flexible, can create
cash flows and better for longer-term investment decisions, but vulnerable to exogenous
shock like a financial crisis, leading to oversupply of permits.
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